【大美乡愁】活动动态(26)内蒙古呼和浩特

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编者按

湖南省民间文艺家协会,湖南新闻媒体一行五人组成的「大美乡愁」/寻找最美"古村落、老手艺"活动釆访组。于七月十一日从长沙出发,先后对西藏、甘肃,青海、宁夏进行了为期十天的交流访问。七月二十一日与湖南省文联副主席、省民协主席曾应明在内蒙古呼和浩特市汇合。在内蒙古自治区接待处的安排下参观昭君博物院,昭君故里,和亲园、单于大帐等文化遗产设施并覌看了具有内蒙古民族特色的文化表演。同时还与内蒙古自治区民间文艺家进行了交流座谈。
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山川秀美桃花江(二)桃花江的水

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资江水系 蛇舞龙飞

桃江县属资水流域,位于资水中下游。资水自西向东贯穿县境,将县境分为南、北两岸,流程102公里,江面宽250米~400米,2000年,流经15个乡镇,110个行政村。资水沿岸群山集水,众壑汇流,河港溪沟,干支递接,水系甚为发达。境内资水常年径流量为224亿立方米,落差29.5米。流长在5公里以上的溪河81条,其中一级支流32条,二级支流43条,三级支流6条。流域面积在100平方公里以上的溪河有敷溪、沂溪、善溪、碧螺溪、沾溪、杨柳溪(桃花江)、志溪7条。

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(资江景色-佘建华 摄影)

资水河道,滩多水陡,礁石密布,素有滩河之称。桃江段有险滩26处。60年代前行走在资江河的船夫常唱一首“资水滩歌”(马迹塘至益阳),把桃江航道的险滩道了个清白。歌云: Continue Reading »

湖南金霞湘绣园全国有奖征联启事

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一、征联内容要求

1、本次征联分为出句应对和自撰联两种形式,其中出句上联为:“锦绣潇湘,绣传天下”,自撰联最好巧妙嵌入湘绣文化和“金霞”二字;

2、应征作品要求内容健康,形式雅俗共赏,寓意丰富深刻,符合《联律通则》,新旧声律不得混用(用新声须注明),引用或改编古文经典须注明出处;

3、应征作品不得抄袭,文责自负。投稿时务必注明本人真实姓名、通讯地址和联系电话;所有征集入选作品,主办单位可用于出版书籍或其他宣传活动,不再另外支付稿酬;

4、投稿方式:微信公众账号“湘绣城”,直接回复 作品+作者真实姓名+联系电话+通讯地址

联系人:常杏芝 联系电话:18874272660

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特别提示:每人限投五首,同一内容请勿重复投稿,否则做清零处理。内容或创意相同的,以投稿在前的为有效投稿。对于套用、套改作品,一律做无效处理。

二、时间安排

征集活动从2014年7月21日—2014年8月20日(以收到作品日期为准)。

三、方法步骤

第一步:成立组织,广泛宣传

(2014年7月15日—2014年7月20日)。

第二步:征集稿件

(2014年7月21日—2014年8月20日)。

第三步:组织评审

(2014年8月21日—2014年8月31日)

第四步:总结表彰,兑现奖励

(2014年9月8日前公布获奖名单,并进行颁奖)

四、奖项设置

一等奖1名(奖价值10000元现金或等值特色工艺礼品)

二等奖2名(各奖价值5000元现金或等值特色工艺礼品)

三等奖8名(各奖价值1000元现金或等值特色工艺礼品)

五、组织机构  

主办单位:湖南金霞湘绣有限公司

组委会

组委会成员:欧阳照良,常杏芝,廖建中,朱秀程

评审会:湖南省民间文艺家协会

评审会成员:

黄爱平【湖南省文联副秘书长】

王进斌【湖南省民协副秘书长】

文 舜【湖南爱买电子商务有限公司董事长】

李 静【湖南省工艺美术大师】

戴 云【长沙市民协副主席】

苏正湘【长沙市民协秘书长】

此活动最终解释权由湖南金霞湘绣有限公司所有

此主题相关图片:

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Recenty Updated Cisco 642-883 Test Engine

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You finally came, I went home. We will be fine. In the world that I left, my father CCNP Service Provider 642-883 Test Engine always called me with a cordial tone, and it should be the same in 642-883 Test Engine this world. Cisco 642-883 Test Engine When I wake up in the morning, Li CCNP Service Provider 642-883 Mu rushes to work. Then he Cisco 642-883 Test Engine felt that there should be a staff Deploying Cisco Service Provider Network Routing (SPROUTE) member Cisco 642-883 Test Engine in the waiting hall.

山川秀美桃花江(一)桃花江的山

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2014年7月9日,桃江县民协主席龙玉牛带你走进东临洞庭,南连衡岳,西枕雪峰,北毗武陵的桃江县,领略山美,水美,山川秀美,人更美的江南之乡桃花江。

桃江县东临洞庭,南连衡岳,西枕雪峰,北毗武陵。境内群山拥簇,磅礴蜿蜒,众水贯综,澄渊清澈,青山绿水,山川秀美,是一个山美,水美,人更美的江南之乡。

境内较有特色的山峰有:

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猴栗岭 在桃花江镇,海拔130米,盛产楠竹,号称“竹海”,为县竹林科学试验基点之一。

金盆山 位于桃花江镇七里村。海拔335米。与端阳山对望,山上有金盆庵,又名青龙庵。庵四周古枫、香樟、杜鹃、山茶、杉木、竹丛,姹紫嫣红,碧绿凝翠。庵宇古朴雅静。 Continue Reading »

艺海拾珠夏布绣

7月12日,国内首家夏布绣博物馆在江西省新余市举行隆重的开馆仪式,文化部非遗司司长马文辉,中国民协副主席、江西省文联主席刘华以及郝淑萍、杨坚平、陈水琴等国内工艺美术界众多名流出席开馆仪式。中国民协向夏布绣博物馆的开馆发来贺信。

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国内首家夏布绣博物馆在江西新余开馆 中国文艺网 张志勇 摄

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马文辉、李砚祖为夏布绣博物馆揭牌 中国文艺网 张志勇 摄 Continue Reading »

村落是本无字书

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转中国文艺网

为落实习近平总书记提出的“让居民望得见山、看得见水、记得住乡愁”的指示精神,由中国民间文艺家协会、中国摄影家协会、中国文学艺术基金会共同组织实施的“中国传统村落立档调查”项目于6月10日正式启动。项目启动之际,中国文联副主席、中国民协主席、中国传统村落立档调查工作委员会主任冯骥才来到河北保定两个古村落进行实地调查。

记者:在此项目启动之际,实地走访、调查保定的大汲店村和忠义村,有什么特别的意义?

冯骥才:马年阳春,我编写好《中国传统村落立档调查田野手册》,赶在付印之前奔赴保定一带,走进两三个古村,在村落的活体中,体验一下《手册》是否适用,还有什么欠缺。这些年做田野工作时,我懂得了任何自以为高明的学问与丰富的经验,在千姿万态的现实中总会露出贫乏,必须到生活里检验自己的工作的实效性。

保定这片燕赵腹地,每个古村都是一本厚重的书。但过去这些书大都是“无字书”,很少有人去阅读它。这次寻访的两个村子,一是清苑县的大汲店村,一是位于易县西陵的“守陵人的村子”——忠义村。没料到这一访,真是大有所获呢。 Continue Reading »

【大美乡愁】活动动态(25)曾记窑火旺千年—醴陵沩山村

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编者按

2014年7月11日,湖南省民协【记住乡愁】寻找湖南最美“古村镇,老手艺”采编组将带你走进湖南省株洲醴陵市东堡乡沩山村,采访千年窑火文明。

【湖南日报】2014年7月11日第8版报道

两座青山 一沟流水

从醴陵北下沪昆高速西行,大约20多公里过仙槎桥水库后,就进入沩山村。

两边青山夹着一条宽约500来米的田垄,还有一沟流水,弯弯绕绕地由西向东延伸,南岳七十二峰中的一座是它们的起点。

现代化之风:汽车、电脑、乡村别墅,早进入了这个山村,可绿荫、宁静、悠闲是主色调:树木葳蕤,流水潺潺,鸡鸣狗吠,鸭子浮水,虫声嘀咕。

两千年窑火的遗存

青山绿水下掩埋的是两千年窑火文明。

2007年,这里一个山包起火,树木成灰后是一座白花花的瓷山。村里人觉得平常,外面人却“拍案惊奇”:这里生产过瓷器,什么时候?与醴陵瓷业是什么关系?

相继赶来的文物专家们考察得出结论:这是中国迄今为止出土的最大古窑群:有宋窑、元窑、明窑和清窑,还有与长沙铜官窑同期的唐代陶瓷碎片,甚至更早的。60余座古窑分布以沩山为中心的约129平方公里范围内,被森林覆盖着。

文字记载和地下遗存,还有亲历者都证明:这里是醴陵瓷业的源头。

接待记者的蔡其伟年过七旬,瓷工出身,是醴陵古窑的管理员,满肚子“沩山瓷经”。在他的记忆里,沩山当年可是山山窑火,处处冒烟;草蓬里是和泥、做坯、绘画的瓷工忙碌的身影;街道的旅馆里,是操着各种口音的瓷商;山脚下那条古道,独轮车唱着“吱吱呀呀”的歌,驮着竹篓子包装的瓷器,向东奔向前头的姜湾码头,瓷器就从那里装船,从渌江转湘江,然后出洞庭,过长江,进入城市,再进入千家万户。年复一年,渌江上重复着这样的景象:点点白帆,声声号子……醴陵瓷器就在这景象中扬名中国,扬名世界。

蔡其伟说,当年沩山号称“小南京”。民国时期,这里驻有收税机关,还有别动队,前者是“抽血”,后者是“抽查”。鼎盛时期,沩山范围瓷厂几百家,居民、窑工、商贾等人口过万,戏台、绸庄、饭馆一应俱全。

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129平方公里的寻访

看完醴陵古瓷窑,蔡其伟带记者来到瓷泥洞口遗址。他说,你别看这里现在茅丛树遮的,先前可是沩山做瓷的中心,不仅出瓷泥,不远处就是醴陵古窑。或许是瓷工的聚集地吧,大戏台就建在这里。果然,残垣上的仕女芙蓉,褪去了鲜艳色彩,可线条还是清晰的。

记者顺着山脚下那条“瓷器古道”寻访:它宽不到两米,顺着青山之麓,蜿蜿蜒蜒向东延伸,白中带青的瓷片一团团地露出地面,独轮车千百年辗出的车辙仍然清晰地刻在石板桥上。

虽然沩山村当年的中心街道,现在已沉入望仙桥水库水底,可它的风采留在镜头里,挂在古窑旁土坯屋的壁上。

无名溪旁当年那些水井仍在滋润着这方人们,碾辗瓷泥的动力——木水轮机的“水鼓”还默默地躺在水槽里……

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60年间的兴—衰—荣

沩山现在扬名了,可它仍然没有摆脱“世外桃源”之风。

其实,沩山走向寂静不过60多年的历史。由兴旺走向衰落,再由衰落到名扬,蔡其伟就是见证人。他说,因为苍天垂爱,山里头都是瓷泥,烧土做瓷也就成了这方人们的营生。这里做瓷的人尊明代樊进德为先师,立庙祭祀,说明樊对这里瓷业发展起过重要作用。

沩山瓷业再兴的功臣则是广东兴宁人廖仲威。廖生于制瓷世家,清朝雍正年间来到醴陵,向沩山寺的智慧和尚租地设厂,邀同乡技工来这制瓷,清代醴陵陶瓷业序幕从此拉开。

后来,这里成了名瓷的“诞生地”。蔡其伟指着山窝里一片土房子说,那就是群力瓷厂的前身。不仅如此,这里还是中国釉下五彩瓷器的发源地。1915年,这种瓷在巴拿马博览会上获得金奖。只是上世纪50年代末,许多工厂都迁到了醴陵县城旁边,这里也就逐渐走向静寂。

虽然静寂,却不掩风流!

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【大美乡愁】活动动态(24)株洲茶陵“镥锅匠”

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编者按

2014年7月10日,湖南省民协【记住乡愁】寻找湖南最美“古村镇,老手艺”采编组将带你走进湖南省株洲市茶陵潞水镇下坊村,采访即将失传的老手艺“镥锅匠”。

【湖南日报】2014年7月10日第12版报道

消失的“乡村音乐”

“手拉风箱,呼呀呼地响,火炉烧得红旺旺”;“操作要留意呀,当心哪手烧伤……”“我把风箱拉,我把锅来补,拉呀拉,补呀补……”这是上个世纪60年代流行全国的花鼓戏《补锅》中的唱词。唱词将补锅手艺的两个元素——风箱、火炉和职业危险——烧手点得明白。

与戏中的叫法不同,湘东一带叫“补锅”为“镥锅”。

上个世纪80年代以前,从清晨到太阳西斜之前,在湘东农村总会听到悦耳的“镥锅”声。有时,东边“镥—锅—”声刚落,西边的“镥—锅—”声又起,此起彼伏,悦耳动听,有如音乐。

叫声多是因为生意好。《补锅》中刘大娘就是等着镥好锅煮猪潲,听到镥锅匠还要等些日子才上门,简直要和女儿急了。其实,在湘东农家,煮饭得用鼎锅,炒菜得用耳锅,烧水得用小锅,煮潲用的是“牛氏锅”。这些锅均是生铁铸成,天天火烤铲刮的,用一段时间后,漏洞也就有了;特别是煮潲用的“牛氏锅”,有时连底部都会掉下一大块来。可见,那时镥锅很有市场,农村主妇谁都有过刘大娘急寻补锅匠的那种心焦时刻。

只是,后来铝锅、钢精锅的兴起,铁锅“淡出江湖”,镥锅业迅速走向衰落。“镥—锅—”这种乡村音乐逐渐消失了。

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一种辛苦的职业

“镥—锅—”声消失,镥锅人还在。记者今年7月初在茶陵潞水镇下坊村见到了尹福明——株洲市非物质文化遗产镥锅项目传承人。1941年出生的他,自幼跟随父辈出门挑、看镥锅担子,16岁开始独立门户做师傅。

他告诉记者,茶陵镥锅匠以潞水镇最多,而潞水境内又以下坊、田土、首团、元王村的从业者为多。镥锅匠出门,一般是一长一幼两人挑担。年长的为师,他的挑子一个是方底圆筐浅腹高提手的竹筐,内盛一些工具;一个上方下圆密封的皮箩,内藏衣物细软,外放风箱一具。年幼的为徒,挑的是两只圆底鼓腹的竹器,名曰“粪笼”,里面装着炉子、钳子、布筒、铁锤、莴子、尖锤、布底、垫板、铜罐、泥调羹……因此这行当中也就有“扯炉的师傅,镥锅的徒弟”的说法。

花鼓戏《补锅》中,刘大娘曾感慨:李小聪这个“模样实在强,聪明又伶俐,随身带文章”的年轻小伙子,“只可惜学补锅,实在太荒唐”。确实,在农村对镥锅匠是有点轻视。

镥锅匠挑着担子,走南闯北,走到哪就吆喝到哪,遇到有锅要补,才停下就地作业。正因为这样,镥锅匠行无定路,居无定所,食无定时,四季漂泊,一腔辛酸。一顶破草帽盖头,一身粗布衣裤遮身,一条洞洞眼眼、油腻起壳的围裙过膝,手皮又粗又黑,掌中老茧厚厚,面上黑灰斑斑,一副邋遢的职业形象,是受人轻视的原因之一。所以农村大人骂不听话的小孩,就是一句“不成器的家伙,只学得镥锅”。还有,如果小孩身上破烂、肮脏不堪,大人会骂道:“你像个镥锅匠!”

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一门技术含量高的手艺

镥锅匠受人轻视的另一个原因,被认为手艺技术含量低。其实这是误会。

表面看起来,镥锅实在简单,不过是生炉子、熔铁水、打补巴、糊泥巴几道工序而已,其实这其中蕴含着许多科技知识。记者从尹福生的叙述中,得出一个结论:补锅其实就是一种生铁焊接技术,工具、用料也特殊。

首先,镥锅匠起炉生火要锤炭,这种炭叫铁炭。铁炭大有来历。明代宋应星《天工开物》中说:“炎平者曰铁炭,用以冶锻。”铁炭有“火性内攻、焰不虚腾”,“与炊炭同形而分类也”的特性。就是说,这种煤火焰不高,含热量却大,可以化铁为“水”,专用于冶锻。其次,化铁水的莴子其实是坩埚,耐火材料做的,在高温中铁化莴不烂。再次,压平铁水的镥巴也有讲究,是由加了些防火材料的布条条卷成的。还有,就是化铁时,会往莴子里加点盐,目的也就是降低铁的熔点,节约燃料。

待到铁化锅净,补锅匠左手托一块手掌大小、叠了好几层、放了灰的布——放灰既是为所补的口子更牢固——“铝无泥浆不息火,铁无泥浆不相洽”,也是起隔火、耐高温作用,右手用火钳夹个耐火材料做的调羹,从莴子里舀出一滴豆大的铁水,迅速倒在灰垫上,然后放在漏洞处往上顶,再用右手将镥巴快速对着漏洞处上冒的铁水往下压。下顶上压,一个铁补巴将漏洞堵上了,紧紧地贴在铁器上。像《补锅》中刘大娘用的煮潲大铁锅,长年累月受炙,底部掉了下来,李小聪干的是“接底”的大工程——敲一片圆形的生铁,嵌在底部,然后周围像补漏洞那样如法炮制。

镥锅匠补好洞并未算完,还得用粗砂轮将锅内凸起的补巴略加打磨,然后用细砂纸平整一遍,使之不妨碍铲子在锅中搅动,最后再抹上些泥浆,方才大功告成。

好多规矩和禁忌

镥锅匠自立了行规,也设置了行内禁忌。

比如说,以红罗仙师和乌鸦大师为宗师。在化好铁水后,镥锅匠将莴子夹出,在炉子周围抛甩一圈铁花——请妖鬼让道,仙师的弟子在此开炉!

还比如,不起炉(即不作成一笔生意)不吃饭。还有,手艺不传外地人。这在湘东一带还有故事。为把茶陵镥锅手艺学到手,攸县、炎陵一些后生子来了个“认父学艺”,即编个理由,说自己家里弟兄多,生活困难,愿意给有镥锅手艺的茶陵人做崽。结果,三年后手艺学会,做崽的认祖归宗,艺也带回了家。从此,镥锅手艺传出了茶陵,在湘东一带扩散开来。

其实,镥锅匠有些行规折射出他们的智慧。譬如说,补好一件锅分盆后,必用刷子圪垛往疤痕上抹泥巴。据说,这个规矩是祖师爷传下来的。传说镥锅祖师爷收留了好几个徒弟,一块干活,人多手杂,结果,把镥了和没镥的给放混了,得重新检查、试漏、返工。从此,祖师爷规定:“从今往后,镥好者抹泥为记。”

镥好抹泥也折射出他们的善良之心。说是有一次,祖师爷带着几个徒弟正在村口干活,忽然听到不远处有孩子在哭。跑去一问,才知道也是两个镥锅的,为接不到生意没饭吃而哭。祖师爷就让他们过来一块儿干,还说:“这抹过泥的算我们干的,其余的活儿一起干,工钱按两股分。”那个镥锅匠感动得直掉泪,说:“不!总要讲个先来后到,我不能抢你的生意。”祖师爷回答:“人不亲,行亲!以后咱们这一行,谁揽到活儿都不能独吞,后来的和先来的,碰在一起各分一半。”从那以后,有饭同吃、有活同干就成了重要行规。

曾经有行业协会

早在1938年,潞水镇下坊村的贺天申就报经省政府备案,在长沙成立“湖南省镥锅业工会”,向同业者发放铜质牌照108快,并拥有取缔无牌照者业的权利,大有垄断全省补锅业之势。1941年,潞水镇首团村的刘顺连,为防止走村游乡的镥匠被抓壮丁,便在首团刘家祠成立拥有168名会员的“茶陵镥锅业同业工会”,得到政府的允许,给会员发铜牌“护身”。

新中国成立后,镥锅这一行还成立了合作社,属集体性质。随着时代的发展,百姓的生活用具也增加了铝器、搪瓷等。镥锅匠也就与时俱进,从这一行中衍化出补陶瓷器皿的,补铝锅的。虽然,后者与补铁锅的技术要求、方法、工具等不同,但“打补巴”基本流程却是一致的。因此,这行当中又出现了大师傅,样样拿得起、放得下。

如今,走村游乡的镥锅匠已经不见了,补铝锅、搪瓷的也不多见。镥锅,是一项基本消失的手艺。“镥——锅,镥——锅……”的“乡村音乐”,只留在上了年纪的人脑袋里,成为一种乡愁元素。

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大寨美,最美在人情

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大寨村里的亚洲“杉树王”。

2014年7月7日 湖南日报

本报记者 文热心 戴勤

盛夏时节,记者来到城步长安营大寨村寻访。

站在当年红军长征停歇过红枫林里的“转运石”上,眺望垅中的大寨村,犹如观赏一幅水墨画。

苍翠的青山下,一片吊脚楼“倚崖顾坡,顺势而建”,木墙木架,黑瓦白檐;

清澈的长安河,从村前缓缓流过,东晋时期所栽的“杉树王”和周围37株古杉,分布于村中长安河边的沙滩上,犹如给古村披上了一道绿纱;

青石板镶成的小道,将各楼串联起来……

这些吊脚楼,每一栋楼都是双层重檐,柱桩底部铺以块石,所有支柱卯榫相扣。楼下为牲畜圈、厕所;一楼是厨房、火塘等,为活动空间;二楼是卧室,当然还有客房,房间非常整洁,还散发着一种淡淡的木香味。

给记者留下深刻印象的是村主任阳开芳家的院子:

青石板路弯弯曲曲伸向院门,青石片块堆砌成院墙。院子里的花草图案由鹅卵石镶就,还栽有石榴、黄梨、紫薇等花木。一条小溪从山顶依吊脚楼一角流下,叮咚作响。阳家用竹枧接来山泉做“自来水”。站在院子的树木中,村寨、农田都收眼底。

这些吊脚楼从历史深处走来,因为“大寨”村名,源自这里一段血与火的历史。清廷在镇压粟贤宇、杨清保领导的农民起义时,曾在这里驻兵,而且是中军帐驻设的地方。只是后来继续进兵,移帐前行,这里成了粮草仓库。

大寨很美,环境美、建筑美,但记者对这里印象最深刻的却是人情美。

我们向阳开芳提出:领略了大寨之美,还想听长安营的故事。

他眼睛转了几转,马上热情地邀请:“那就到我家喝油茶吧!我爸爸最近在写这方面的书,他说得清楚。”

一到阳家,阳父忠政一边给我们讲故事,一边让家人张罗茶水。

一会儿,茶来了,是虫茶。记者知道,这可是当年的贡品。

清朝乾隆年间,城步一带百姓起义,遭到清兵镇压,躲入深山老林。百姓们只能以野菜、茶叶充饥。谁知,屋漏偏遇连夜雨,茶叶遭到虫害,被吃得净光后只剩下一片虫屎。

一个偶然机会,人们发现掉进了虫屎的水,居然味道甘甜。后来,“虫茶”成为城步名产,并记入了《城步乡土志》。记者尝了一口,确实味道独特。

接着油茶端来,那是由炒米、花生、豆子炸好或炒好后,浇上茶油,然后用滚水冲成的。

茶还在主人手上,香味早就扑进了客人的鼻子;瞧一瞧,红黄白黑杂合,像一朵盛开在碗里的菊花;尝一口,一种混合香味直入肺腑。

其实,油茶不仅好看好吃,而且耐饥、营养。山民早上起来先喝上一碗,可做半天功夫。

更独特的是主人敬茶的方式:不是苗家拦门酒那样不喝不让进门,也不是蒙古同胞劝酒一样不喝歌声不断,这里用的是“激将法”。记者连喝了两碗,自觉已经过份,可主人再递来一碗。实在喝不了,自然不敢接,可主人不言只是笑笑,不罢手。

随同的小汪念出一段顺口溜:“一碗是盗,二碗是贼,三碗四碗才是客。”侗家就怕客人不多喝!小汪告诉记者,有一次,乡镇府机关接待了一批广东来写生的画家,做好中午饭等他们,可到太阳西斜也不见人,原来都到侗胞家喝油茶去了。

小汪说,侗胞就这样好客、热情、实意,在路上不管你认识不认识的,只要聊熟了,他一定会请到家喝油茶。

记者要寻访古长安营遗址,可连“土著”小汪也找不到路径,便向一位老农问路。

他叫黄明科,今年60岁,带着我们找到了一个长满青草的堆子。他觉得没尽心,便带我们绕了一圈,直到看清楚青草下的石块,前后花了半个时辰。看完,他匆匆告辞,说现在是农忙季节,要去插秧。好一片古道热肠。

大寨美,最美在人情。

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留住乡愁—保护传统村落,守护民族文化的根

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永顺县大坝乡双凤村是目前国内保存最完整的土家族民俗文化村之一,被称为中国“土家第一村”。图为土家茅古斯舞表演。

2014年7月6日 湖南日报

本报记者

李国斌

位于大围山麓的浏阳市楚东村,群山环绕,河水清澈,景色宜人。楚东村还是一个文物集中地,不仅拥有历史悠久的古人类聚居遗址新田坳商周遗址,还留存有全国重点文物保护单位湖南省苏维埃政府旧址(锦绶堂)、省级文物保护单位中共湘鄂赣边区第一次党代会旧址、县级文物保护单位跳石桥等,是有名的古村落。

6月30日,湖南启动全国重点文物保护单位和省级文物保护单位集中成片传统村落文化遗产整体保护利用,包括楚东村在内的28个传统村落,将进行整体保护。

全省登记古村落251处

我省传统村落数量众多,文化内涵丰富,特色突出,历史、文化、科学、艺术价值高。省文物局局长陈远平介绍,全省普查登记的古村落有251处,其中公布为全国重点文物保护单位的33处、省级文物保护单位198处,公布为中国历史文化名镇名村的13处、省级历史文化名镇名村87处,公布为中国传统村落的72个。

今年4月,住建部、文化部、国家文物局、财政部联合印发《关于切实加强中国传统村落保护的指导意见》。5月8日,国家文物局召开传统村落整体保护利用工作会议,从全国范围内遴选出270个国保和省保集中成片传统村落实施重点保护,其中湖南有28个。

目前,我省已出台传统村落整体保护利用实施方案,计划用3年时间,把文化传承、生态保护、经济发展、改善民生有机结合起来,全面提升28个传统村落整体保护利用水平,并形成可推广的经验。

传统村落的保护,离不开大量资金的投入。列入国保和省保集中成片传统村落将获得中央财政的资金扶持。据了解,未来3年中央财政将统筹整合专项资金,投入100多亿元集中保护传统村落。

曾遍布于三湘四水的古村落,因其聚族性和血缘性,大量地承载着湖湘不同历史时期、不同地域和不同民族的文化信息,是宝贵的物质文化与非物质文化遗产,更是湖湘乃至中华民族传统文化之根。在中国村落文化研究中心主任胡彬彬眼里,保护好这些具有历史意义及民族意义的传统村落,就是守护湖湘文化,就是守护民族传统文化的根。

然而,面临的现实是,受城镇化、现代化、社会转型等因素影响,传统村落数量锐减、空壳化现象严重,保护形势极其严峻。

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二是钱从哪儿来。据悉,国家文物局确定的270个集中成片传统村落,平均起来每个村大概有1000万元左右的专项资金,另外住建部有约300万元用于基础设施,这远远不够。

三是对古建筑本体的保护,面临村民提高居住质量和文物保护规定的矛盾。对于村民在使用并拥有产权的古建筑,文物部门要探索如何根据年代、状况、级别,进行整体、局部、外部保护。

四是产业发展的问题。专家建议,产业发展要列入整体保护规划,结合各村实际,因村制宜,发展生态产业、观光农业、度假村等。

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【湖南日报】2014年7月7日第11版报道

“桃源工”再兴,有着时代背景。譬如说,重视文化传承、生活品位提升、文化产业发展等。

但记者发现,这当中,也有一批追求者和爱好者。

是“匠”也是“家”

在桃花源镇,记者遇上了“桃源工”传人程冬初。

走进他家大厅,映入眼帘的,是2米来长、0.7米高的《花开富贵》木雕。湘绣、国画中,《花开富贵》是“保留”题材,有过许多经典作品。

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程冬初的妻子告诉我们,这块木雕花了近半年功夫。

“桃源工”已不仅仅是建筑、家庭用具的装饰工、匠人,而是已踏上独立创作之路的艺术“家”了。

程冬初就是这样一个想做“家”的人。

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做“俗”也求“雅”

在程家琳琅满目的作品室里,记者看到了《桃花源里可耕田》、《源里牧歌》等新创作品。

前者雕了一头荷犁的水牛,年轻农夫扶犁。牛儿回过头来,望着主人,是想诉说劳作的辛苦,还是想叙说桃花源里的美丽?主人则弯着腰,伸过头,是倾听牛儿诉说,还是告诉它莫负大好春光?

那个“源里牧歌”,一个骑在牛背上的牧童,悠闲地吹着他的竹笛;牛儿啃着青草,悠悠地向前行进。

这是木雕刀下的田园牧歌。

程冬初说,这只是小试“牛刀”,他有个“大野心”——将《桃花源记》里的意境,雕成像《清明上河图》那样的长卷。长卷里,打鱼、耕田、喂鸡、打擂茶、河边浣衣……如果说,看了《清明上河图》,让人马上联想大宋都城繁华的话,那么他的木雕长卷让人马上想到桃花源,想到“桃源工”。

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男雕女也雕

当然,更多的“桃源工”传人还是“匠”,越来越多的人愿意做“匠”。

程冬初妻子陈冬兰就是一个。她坐在雕桌前,雕刻桃木剑柄。一块原木在她的刀下,一会儿现出了狮形轮廓。

问起她学艺的情况,她爽朗地笑着说:“不是日子过不下,实在是种爱好。”

她十几岁摸刻刀,嫁给程冬初,也就夫唱妻和了。平日,程冬初在外面收材料,搞经营,她带着一帮师傅在屋里搞雕刻。她说,现在搞木雕的人多了些,她的儿子也搞。县里投钱,在桃花源景区建起了木雕作品展厅和艺术培训及传承基地,许多人都来学艺。

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真花与雕花

“桃源工”的刀下,诞生了许多如溢香气的花卉作品,而他们自己的生活却得靠真花“解馋”。

在程家雕室内,师傅们在刻桌上摆着两朵清水滋养的新鲜玉兰花,是做参照依样画葫芦?他们回答,其实是为了闻香。搞木雕一坐就是好几个小时,动作单调,凿凿、刮刮、刨刨的,好长一段日子就时时与一件雕件作伴,没有个坐功是不行的。摆上这花,实在是为了闻闻香味,开开心。

为大众生活创造了美的“桃源工”,自己在单调寂寞中度过。

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【湖南日报】2014年7月1日第六版报道

1、“桃源工”的杰作

“桃源工”这个名字,现在人们听来可能觉得新鲜,可在明清时期,却是名闻全国。

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2、“桃源工”的出名

记者5月下旬到桃源寻访。对这段历史,“桃源工”传人之一程冬初说得清楚。

1491年,明宪宗第十二子朱枢封王于常德。为修建王府,他从京城皇宫调集大批能工巧匠,将精湛、豪华的宫廷营造艺术及雕刻技艺带到了常德,与桃源原有质朴大气的雕技有机交融,形成了具有地方特色的“桃源木雕”。清代康乾年间,“桃源工”屡被召进宫内做工献技,木雕技艺水平也达到顶峰,蜚声朝野。清帝逊位后,这批工匠返回家乡,其技艺为民间服务,在沅澧流域代代相传。“桃源工”的生活、建筑作品,内容丰富多彩、刀法细腻圆润,兼备宫廷的大气、雅致和民间的清新、活泼。

另一位“桃源工”的传承人告诉记者,他听父亲说过,有人在宫里雕了一辈子,老死在刻桌边。

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3、“桃源工”的再兴

一个时期,“桃源工”沉寂了,其名再兴在上个世纪80年代。

记者在县城非遗传承中心遇上了“桃源工”传承人之一的朱德元。他记得,1964年出生的他当时不到20岁,随父亲到桃源玉器厂做底座。一天,桃花源景区来了一位领导,说是请他们到长沙修复岳麓书院。原来,岳麓书院要重新开放,可主持者遇到了一个难题,到哪里寻找老工匠?一个老家桃源的教授说起“桃源工”的故事,于是一个“请”字让朱德元父子重出江湖。朱德元记得,父子俩在那里一干两年多,所有的木雕,不管是修理的,还是新配的,都出自他们之手。他就亲手修理过乾隆御赐的“道南正脉”匾,那匾饰边损坏了。这饰边的木雕好复杂的,光龙就有八条,由海水、云彩衬托。他和父亲使出浑身解数,采用了桃源木雕中浮雕、阴雕、穿雕、圆雕、立体雕、镂空雕等所有技法,将这匾修复如原,院方非常满意。

他们从此一发不可收拾,凤凰古城、澧县文庙、浏阳孙思邈公园等里头的木雕大都出自他们之手。

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4、“桃源工”的近亲

在采访时,朱德元和侄儿朱斌正在雕刻桃木剑,他雕剑套,侄儿雕剑柄。他们的主要工具就是凿刀,平凿、圆凿、三角凿、斜凿、反口凿,大号、中号、小号,林林总总每个人面前有好几把。据他们说,一个“桃源工”得有120把左右的凿刀才能独自出门闯江湖。

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朱德元说,搞木雕一般要五道工序,即裁料、绘图、雕刻、打磨、做漆。记者疑惑,漆匠不是独立的手艺么?他笑笑:岩(石匠)、木(匠)、雕(木雕)、画(工艺绘画)、漆(匠)的老祖都是鲁班。民间传说是,鲁班用两块比较坚硬的圆石,各凿成密布的浅槽,合在一起,用人力或畜力使它转动,就把米面磨成粉了。画匠,大概是鲁班发明了墨斗之类的工具吧!至于油漆匠尊鲁班为师,大概是沾了妻子的光。传说是一天鲁班外出,有人来找他去修屋梁,班妻就叫一个小徒弟去修。不一会儿,小徒弟跑回来说:“木头太旧了,修出来也不好看。”班妻说:“你用水和点胶泥、红土,抹到木头上,不就像新品了!”小徒弟返回照着她的话做了,果然颜色鲜亮了许多。这就是建筑物髹漆的开端。当然,也有的地方奉唐代吴道子和宋代普安和尚为油漆匠祖师爷,大概是因为画家擅长调色的缘故吧。木匠、木雕奉鲁班为祖师就不用说了。

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进得庙来,迎面是赵朴初题写的“八愚千古”的牌匾。回首一望,是题额为“山水绿”的戏台,两侧飞檐之下是彩绘的八仙过海,裙踞飘飘,一颦一笑,都雕刻得传神精细而亮洁。

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柳子庙坐北向南,三栋进深。进入山门,后有戏台,为歇山顶式砖木结构;拾级而上是中、后殿,为悬山顶式砖木结构。中殿现为柳宗元生平历史陈列室;再上为后殿,殿正中塑有柳宗元汉白玉雕座像;出后殿是碑廊。柳子庙整体建筑规模虽然不大,但简朴大方。

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碑廊内保存有数量众多的古碑刻,这是古代历史和文化遗留下来极为宝贵的产物和财富,是古代社会变革各个时期极其重要的见证和记录。主要碑刻有公元1558年刘养仕所撰的《重修司马先生庙纪》,明嘉靖年间严嵩写的《寻愚溪竭柳子庙》和王月照的《愚溪怀古》,公元1594年王泮的《捕蛇歌》等数十方碑刻。其中韩愈作文,苏东坡所书,内容为颂扬柳宗元德政的《荔枝碑》甚称为”三绝”,为清顺治年间永州知府魏绍芳重刻,堪称是柳子庙的镇庙之宝。

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【大美乡愁】活动动态⒆江华瑶山—川岩溶洞

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川岩庭内阳光漏,

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川岩,顾名思义,因河水从石灰岩溶洞中穿过而得名,“一到岩头别有天,川岩流水响潺潺”这里河水清幽,岩中有河穿流,岩中有洞相通,为此有“秀甲天南”之誉。川岩,南北走向,两端洞门开豁透光,岩中有岩,洞中有洞,石笋林立,千姿百态,涓涓溪水,潺潺而过,粼粼波光,美不胜收。此岩正洞长165米,宽25米,高28米;岩顶有明洞,洞侧有四方岩,西侧有暗洞,均绵延数里之长。现尚未开发不知其中是否别有洞天。有个平坦俨如水晶宫殿的大厅,石乳下滴,石笋上长,如诗如画,景物特异,有色有声。回龙溪水,穿岩而过,蜿蜒流入崇江,到水口与冯河会合,流向潇水,汇入湘江。

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在未进入川岩溶洞的右边,我们跨过洞中流过的溪水。看见右边的山岩上悬挂着一条白色的玉带,这就是俗称“公母吊”或“蜜蜂吊”的瀑布。溪流从一陡岩上飘泻而下,整个飞瀑由公吊、母吊、朱龙潭叠泉、原始次生林等部分组成。公吊居左,高68m,母吊在右,高40多米,公母两吊遥相呼应。瀑布宽度均在2米左右,水量较大,声音浑宏,气势雄伟。公吊从瀑顶到瀑底,几经周折,形成多级落差,共160多米。水流量大、气势恢弘。周围古树成荫,古藤蔓布,杂草繁茂,花香鸟语,大小动物出入林中。美丽的原始森林与幽谷中飞泻出来的白练相互映衬,构成了有动有静、如诗如画的风景。

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ewre

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湖南省民协【大美乡愁】采编组,湖南省文联副主席曾应明,省民协副主席黄爱平,副秘书长王进斌、与湖南日报一行在江华县黎氢副县长和县旅游局张劲局长陪同下,来到神州瑶都—天堂瑶寨。

在南岭深处的江华瑶族自治县,处处可以看到这样这样的一道独特的风景线,在蓝天碧水之间,群山掩映之中。一座座别致的木楼依山势而建,在陡峭的山地营造出一块平坦的人类生存空间,这就是瑶族民居,吊脚楼。

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天堂瑶寨,便是由好几十座瑶家吊脚楼聚集而成,她镶嵌在离贝江不远的青山绿水间,依靠在千年奔腾,生生不息的冯河岸边,俯首可观冯河水潮起潮落,仰头可赏天空云卷云舒,侧耳能闻鸟叫虫鸣人来人往之声,在瑶都江华,步步都是风景,处处都有风情,蓝天、绿树、碧水、吊脚楼,就想一幅美丽的山水画。

瑶寨不大,冯河水贴身而过,她沿河而居,屋接屋,相依相偎,千根柱头下地,伫立在冯河岸上,生活着几十户人家,不是几十年,而是几百年,可追溯到久远久远的过去。如今的天堂瑶寨人,延续着祖先的血脉,承接先辈的意志,传承先人的风俗,住的还是吊脚楼,喝的还是瓜箪酒。居住在大山深处的瑶人,对吊脚楼有一种天然的亲近感,吊脚楼是山里人家的写意,写意着山里的人艰辛和欢乐,生命里流动着山里人的甜蜜与幸福。

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【大美乡愁】活动动态⒃ 江永女书博物馆

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千年古村上甘棠,

江永女书世无双。

谢沐县衙七百载,

瑶寨乡愁不寻常。

湖南省民协【大美乡愁】活动组在永州市文联主席吕晓勇,县委常委宣传部长卢文庆,江永县县委宣传部常务副部长,文联主席谭峻的带领下来到了江永瑶族自治县上江圩镇《江永女书生态博物馆》。

从零陵出发到江永、沿途时雨时晴。进入香米、香芋、香柚、香姜的"四香之乡"江永千山峒时、这里还是雨意缠绵、天哭地涝。午后来到隋唐时期、曾是七百年县衙所在地上甘棠村后,却是酷阳高照、热浪逼人的另一番景象。宣传部长卢文庆,将我们带到了行程之外、一个四面环水、用一个吊桥连接外面世界的江心岛。这里青翠欲滴、江水潺潺,风光秀丽、犂、李飘香。女书传人胡阿姝、为我们唱了一曲旋律悠扬的女书歌后,又赠送了一幅女书"厚德载物"的书画作品。不仅运笔流畅、字秀墨香。更寓意着一方水土养一方人的纯朴与善良。这里就是世界女书的发源地,江永上江圩镇的「女书博物馆」

《江永女书生态博物馆》坐落于“女书复活岛”美称的浦尾岛上,离江永县城15公里。来到浦尾村镇东北侧一公里左右的路口,远远看到一幢重檐歇山顶式建筑。到了门前,果然见门楣上挂着一块“江永女书生态博物馆”匾额。

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走进门楼,里面没有其他建筑。沿着道路走到江边,江上架有一座长长的铁索桥。桥下是清澈的江水,江的一头通到镇区,一头伸向大山。浦尾岛上四面环水。

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铁索桥

站在悬索桥上眺望,岛上有座村庄。我们沿着文化石铺筑的路步行来到村里,一组湘南民居风格的建筑呈现在面前。大门是三间高敞的门厅,门厅内挂着一块“女书园”匾额。

女书园是2002年修建的,占地面积2500平方米,建筑面积1600平方米,采用的是仿明清式建筑风格。女书园是江永女书生态博物馆记录、储存女书文化的资料中心,主要通过实物、文字、图片、音像等形式,展示女书原件文献、作品、工艺、书法、学术成果与民俗风情,全面介绍厚重的文化内涵和独特的人文魅力。

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女书园

二进中间是三间高敞的大厅,标明“女书学堂”。走进学堂,正面墙壁上挂有一幅妇女画像。画像为古代瑶族妇女服饰打扮,体态丰满,手持毛笔,两眼炯炯有神。里摆有几张桌子板凳,黑板上用粉笔写有六行女书。看了旁边注的汉字,方知是“四字女经,教儿聪明,娘边做女,莫出闺门,行不乱步,坐不摇身。”与儒家经典“女儿经”如出一辙。

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女书学堂

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江永女书传承人胡欣现场展示女书风采

江永女书主要在湖南省江永县上江圩镇及其近邻一带的妇女中传承,并以妇女所专用的一种特殊表音文字体系为内核的社会文化现象,其中的女字(也通称女书)是人类迄今发现的唯一现存的性别文字,女字、女歌、女红及其传承的民俗构成了丰富而立体的女书习俗。2002年4月,女书被列入中国档案文献遗产名录,2005年10月女书以“全世界最具性别特征文字”被收入《世界吉尼斯记录大全》,2006年6月女书习俗列入中国非物质性文化遗产名录。女字约有原创字符700余个。与其他文字相比,具有五大独特之处:一是妇用男不用;二是传女不传男;三是记录当地方言土语,并用当地土语唱读;四是字形奇特,右高左低,呈长菱形;五是人死书焚,陪葬送终。堪称中华文化之瑰宝,世界文字之奇观。书作品多为七言韵文作品,少数为五言体韵文。书写在精制布面手写本、扇面、布帕、纸片之上,分别叫做纸书、扇书、帕书;女书文学是苦情文学,内容主要有自传、结交、叙事、婚嫁、祭祀、民间唱本等;独特而丰富的女书民俗如坐歌堂、贺三朝、结拜姊妹、斗牛节、过庙节、吹凉节、乞巧节等为女书文化的传承提供了广阔的空间,对语言学、文字学、历史学、考古学、人类学、妇女学、民俗学以及民族文化史和民间文学等多学科领域具有重要的研究价值 。

 

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