【大美乡愁】活动动态(58)桐香竹韵油纸伞

编者按

湖南省民协【大美乡愁】寻找湖南最美“古村镇,老手艺”活动采编组,带你走进湘潭市非物质文化遗产—油纸伞。

【湖南日报】2014年10月27日第六版报道

本报记者 文热心 曹辉

10月下旬,记者来到湘潭、湘乡、双峰、衡山交界的石鼓镇,与老伞匠赵文超聊伞。

这个湘潭市非物质文化遗产——油纸伞工艺传人满肚子“伞经”,也凭着一把油纸伞联通世界。

“毛爹出门也带油纸伞哩”

伞,平日在人们眼里,不过是一件很平常的遮雨挡阳工具,然而在赵文超口里,却讲出了它的文化。

赵文超说,中国肯定是先有伞才有文字。你看,就是繁体“伞”字,与实物伞好相像。如果不是看了样子,如何弄得出这个“伞”字来?

民间历来对伞很看重。衣食住行,伞事关安全出行。谚语说,“出门不带伞——欺天”,“出门不带伞,真是好大胆”,“和尚打伞——无法(发)无天”……南方人,特别是我们湖南人出几天门,谁敢不带伞啊?说着,他指着墙上的《毛主席去安源》那幅油画说:“你看,毛爹出门也带把油纸伞哩!”

祖师其实是鲁班妹妹

在遍地折叠“洋伞”中,一把油纸伞的出现,一定是一道风景。

赵家世代做伞,以前是为百姓提供遮风挡雨的工具,现在是为了美化生活——添道风景;以前是养家糊口,现在是为坚守——伞艺不失传。

赵文超说,伞艺源远流长,伞匠们拜鲁班为祖师爷,因为做油纸伞的工艺中削木弄篾占了一大半。不过,老辈也说,伞真正的发明者其实是鲁班妹妹。说是那天,妹妹出了一道题,如何能在雨中看风景。鲁班拿出了他的绝活,造个没有墙的亭子,而妹妹却找了根竹竿顶了张兽皮。自然,妹妹的“流动风景”战胜了哥哥的“踏步风景”。

后来,发明了纸,祖宗们在上面涂上桐油,代替兽皮防水,油纸伞也就问世了。

老师傅“听油”制伞

说起做油纸伞,50多岁的赵文超打开了“伞经”:

看起来做一把油纸伞很简单,其实有八道工序:选材、装伞、穿花、糊面、画花、收伞、上油、验伞。

赵文超说,每一道工序都有技术含量。譬如说上油,油纸伞,桐油上得好不好,事关伞牢不牢、美不美。油上伞之前得炼。炼油得看火候,低了,糊在伞上起砣,高了,糊上去显得肮脏。一般来说,温度要控制在280摄氏度左右。有绝技的老师傅,会“听油”,即挑一滴油用耳朵听一听。这种“没有书对”的环节,老师傅也不会告诉外人。赵文超也是从爷爷那里才知道其中奥秘,“听”就是听响。如果无响声,说明这油不能用。其中什么道理,也是“没有书对的”。他后来琢磨着,有响声,说明油还在沸腾,涂在纸上散得开,渗得深,既匀称,又附得牢。

“要伞的找不到我”

赵文超还说,在上个世纪80年代前,做油纸伞的是“吃不肥,饿不死”。80年代后期,折叠伞流行,油纸伞市场萎缩,伞厂倒闭、伞铺关门、人员转行。可经过一个时期,油纸伞并没有消失,伞匠们也没有失业,伞市场也逐渐恢复。就他们石鼓这一方来说,现在做成品伞的14家,做半成品(伞骨)的12家,从业人员有2000多人。

当然,再不是那种“大路货”,而是文化伞、工艺伞,甚至是广告伞。实用价值下降,观赏价值提升。他撑开一把油纸伞告诉记者,这上面的国画是专门请画师作的。试想,撑着这把伞,徜徉在雨中古城、乡村、水岸,岂不有“烟雨江南”的意境?

“尽管恢复了产业,但利润却很低。其中有两个原因,一是做油纸伞全是手工操作,附加值不高。二是被动营销,即中间商订货,我们生产;我们晓得是出口了,但谁要伞就一无所知。”说着,他拿出一叠商标给记者看,其中有英、俄、日、韩、西班牙文的。“都是中间商做好寄过来的,既不让我们打厂址,更不让打电话号码。要伞的找不到我。我看了中间商贴在伞上的条码,标的单价是100美元,可中间商给我的是100元人民币。”他还说:“我的伞厂产品80%出口,一年有个200万元的产值,可利润不到10万元。”

“没想办法吗?”

“想了,县里组织过协会,也搞过产业园,可没搞起来。”

“难道就维持这个现状?”

“目前没有更好的办法。赚多赚少都要做,我得记住爷爷的话,不让这手艺失传。”赵文超说。

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