【大美乡愁】活动动态(59)清溪是渠也是村

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湖南省民协【大美乡愁】寻找湖南最美“古村镇,老手艺”活动采编组,带你走进湘西南古民居清溪村

【湖南日报】2014年10月31日第十二版报道

本报记者 文热心 戴勤

清溪是一条渠,也是一个村。

金秋10月,记者寻访清溪。这个村在城步,距县城也就几公里。因古渠“清溪”,村名由渡溪改为清溪。清溪村始成于南宋,迄今近800年历史。“一条清溪穿古村”就是这里的美丽。

四合院落宜居人

古四合院是清溪一大特色。

这种院落一般为二进或三进,分庭院、前厅、正屋。正屋一般为面阔三间,也有五间的,两侧有左右厢房。建筑结构以穿斗式木结构为主,也有部分是抬梁式与穿斗式相结合的。屋面盖小青瓦,院中心以悬山建筑为主,沿围墙砌筑的房屋都是硬山式的,建人字或山花山墙。所有建筑除正屋明间两个檐柱立在青石柱上,其余的柱子都立在磉墩石上。正屋门一般为六扇,上半部为雕花窗格,下半部为平板实木。正屋、厢房与槽门合围形成一个小四合院。房子一般为二层,正屋一般为接待客人的地方,左右厢房一边是长辈的住房,一边是长子住房。二层通风干燥,一般用于储存粮食,存放家具,也用于住客。

“无槽不成院”是这里四合院的特色。每个院子的槽门虽然体量不大,但极具讲究。一般呈八字门,两扇前厅门多为栗色,门槛很高,显示主人的身份高贵与房屋的古朴厚重。

清溪保存完整的古四合院有18座,被誉为“湘西南古民居四合院之最”。

开敞民居也精美

相对古四合院,这里保存更多的是明清时期的开敞式古民居,共有110余幢。

精美的雕刻装饰着民居,民居就成溪边一景。民居上,隔扇门窗、梁架结构,都是花团锦簇;民居里,生活用具,如洗脸架、茶盘、橱柜、桌椅、神凳等,都是“花花世界”——花鸟虫鱼,孔圣授徒、孟母择邻、观音送子、风调雨顺、天地人和,福、禄、寿、喜和文臣、武将……

最美还是清溪水

因为水源来自清泉洞,渠也就叫清溪。修清溪虽然不像上个世纪修红旗渠那么艰巨,可也是凿石打洞的。那道“水从桥上过”就是明证。这里桥下另有一条溪,清溪水渠得过溪入村。于是,一座石拱桥横架溪上,清溪水就从桥上石槽跨溪而过。

一沟清清流水,从远处潺潺而来,主渠从村子中间划过,支渠进入人家——封闭式四合院、开敞式民居,形成长藤结瓜般的格局。在“瓜”上,是豪饮的牛儿,浣衣的村妇……一条清溪,让村子灵动起来,也热闹起来。

村主任小阳告诉记者:“现在这水不是很干净,可当年不比泉水差,进入各家厨房后直接饮用。当然,也供牲畜饮用,不过是在‘藤’上。清溪另一个功能就是消防——不管四合院还是开敞式民居,虽是青砖外墙,可里头都是木板墙,居民对防火十分重视。清溪之水好灭火。虽然历经六个世纪,这渠至今没有衰败,仍然是牲畜和消防、洗涮的水源。”

清溪不仅美丽,而且实用。

渠龄已超六百岁

这渠虽然只有60厘米宽、70厘米深,2000米长,可今人见它都得叫“爷爷”,前面还得加上N个“老”字。因为它修建于明洪武十一年(1378年)。

据小阳介绍,清溪居民大都姓杨。始祖杨应魁系宋朝威远侯杨再思第六世孙。杨应魁生于宋理宗宝庆元年(1225年),曾任绥邑莲荷巡检司。元至元四年(1267年),杨应魁带着家属来到清溪。他见此地山清水秀,远山龙脉起伏有序,后龙山脊来势高远,十八罗汉山脉气势磅礴,地势开阔,水口紧闭,认定这是一处风水宝地。于是,杨姓这支就在这里定居,繁衍子孙,建设家园。他的后代又修建了这条水渠。

清溪,折射出当年乡村社会建设的光芒。清溪的先辈们虽然没有建设新农村的理念,但凭着直接感觉,尽着自己的努力,打造了清溪这一宜居环境。

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