编者按
湖南省民协【大美乡愁】寻找湖南最美“古村镇，老手艺”活动采编组，带你走进湘潭市非物质文化遗产—油纸伞。
【湖南日报】2014年10月27日第六版报道
本报记者 文热心 曹辉
10月下旬，记者来到湘潭、湘乡、双峰、衡山交界的石鼓镇，与老伞匠赵文超聊伞。
这个湘潭市非物质文化遗产——油纸伞工艺传人满肚子“伞经”，也凭着一把油纸伞联通世界。
“毛爹出门也带油纸伞哩”
伞，平日在人们眼里，不过是一件很平常的遮雨挡阳工具，然而在赵文超口里，却讲出了它的文化。
赵文超说，中国肯定是先有伞才有文字。你看，就是繁体“伞”字，与实物伞好相像。如果不是看了样子，如何弄得出这个“伞”字来？
民间历来对伞很看重。衣食住行，伞事关安全出行。谚语说，“出门不带伞——欺天”，“出门不带伞，真是好大胆”，“和尚打伞——无法（发）无天”……南方人，特别是我们湖南人出几天门，谁敢不带伞啊？说着，他指着墙上的《毛主席去安源》那幅油画说：“你看，毛爹出门也带把油纸伞哩！”
祖师其实是鲁班妹妹
在遍地折叠“洋伞”中，一把油纸伞的出现，一定是一道风景。
赵家世代做伞，以前是为百姓提供遮风挡雨的工具，现在是为了美化生活——添道风景；以前是养家糊口，现在是为坚守——伞艺不失传。
赵文超说，伞艺源远流长，伞匠们拜鲁班为祖师爷，因为做油纸伞的工艺中削木弄篾占了一大半。不过，老辈也说，伞真正的发明者其实是鲁班妹妹。说是那天，妹妹出了一道题，如何能在雨中看风景。鲁班拿出了他的绝活，造个没有墙的亭子，而妹妹却找了根竹竿顶了张兽皮。自然，妹妹的“流动风景”战胜了哥哥的“踏步风景”。
后来，发明了纸，祖宗们在上面涂上桐油，代替兽皮防水，油纸伞也就问世了。
老师傅“听油”制伞
说起做油纸伞，50多岁的赵文超打开了“伞经”：
看起来做一把油纸伞很简单，其实有八道工序：选材、装伞、穿花、糊面、画花、收伞、上油、验伞。
赵文超说，每一道工序都有技术含量。譬如说上油，油纸伞，桐油上得好不好，事关伞牢不牢、美不美。油上伞之前得炼。炼油得看火候，低了，糊在伞上起砣，高了，糊上去显得肮脏。一般来说，温度要控制在280摄氏度左右。有绝技的老师傅，会“听油”，即挑一滴油用耳朵听一听。这种“没有书对”的环节，老师傅也不会告诉外人。赵文超也是从爷爷那里才知道其中奥秘，“听”就是听响。如果无响声，说明这油不能用。其中什么道理，也是“没有书对的”。他后来琢磨着，有响声，说明油还在沸腾，涂在纸上散得开，渗得深，既匀称，又附得牢。
“要伞的找不到我”
赵文超还说，在上个世纪80年代前，做油纸伞的是“吃不肥，饿不死”。80年代后期，折叠伞流行，油纸伞市场萎缩，伞厂倒闭、伞铺关门、人员转行。可经过一个时期，油纸伞并没有消失，伞匠们也没有失业，伞市场也逐渐恢复。就他们石鼓这一方来说，现在做成品伞的14家，做半成品（伞骨）的12家，从业人员有2000多人。
当然，再不是那种“大路货”，而是文化伞、工艺伞，甚至是广告伞。实用价值下降，观赏价值提升。他撑开一把油纸伞告诉记者，这上面的国画是专门请画师作的。试想，撑着这把伞，徜徉在雨中古城、乡村、水岸，岂不有“烟雨江南”的意境？
“尽管恢复了产业，但利润却很低。其中有两个原因，一是做油纸伞全是手工操作，附加值不高。二是被动营销，即中间商订货，我们生产；我们晓得是出口了，但谁要伞就一无所知。”说着，他拿出一叠商标给记者看，其中有英、俄、日、韩、西班牙文的。“都是中间商做好寄过来的，既不让我们打厂址，更不让打电话号码。要伞的找不到我。我看了中间商贴在伞上的条码，标的单价是100美元，可中间商给我的是100元人民币。”他还说：“我的伞厂产品80%出口，一年有个200万元的产值，可利润不到10万元。”
“没想办法吗？”
“想了，县里组织过协会，也搞过产业园，可没搞起来。”
“难道就维持这个现状？”
“目前没有更好的办法。赚多赚少都要做，我得记住爷爷的话，不让这手艺失传。”赵文超说。
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