编者按
湖南省民协【大美乡愁】寻找湖南最美“古村镇，老手艺”活动采编组，带你走进永兴县板梁古村。
【湖南日报】2014年10月14日第八版报道
本报记者 文热心
通讯员 曾理
2007年，记者曾寻访过永兴县的板梁古村，并以《板梁古韵》予发报道（见2007年3月20日《湖南日报》）。那里头对板梁古村在民居建设、聚居习惯的特色作了较多的介绍。今年金秋时节，记者又一次寻访这里，看建筑结构、察雕刻图案、度装饰物件，对这里的文化符号总算有了粗浅了解。
这里依山傍水。山，多峰，形如笔架，颇如人意。水，是古人选择聚居之地的一个重要的文化元素。板梁人对这也非常上心。上、中、下村，三组九口古井，日夜长涌；村前的板溪，长年清流不断，板梁之水很丰盈。可似乎人们并不满足这些，在村前挖了两口大水塘。方便洗涮？增加村子的灵动？原来，其中大有讲究。中国传统社会，讲究耕读立家、守家、传家。任何一个家族，都希望能出几个读书做官之人，因此选择聚居地址时，按“文房四宝”寻找对应物：山是笔架，多峰为佳；塘是砚池，造型需圆；房址为纸，以平为好；巷道是笔，直畅上乘。两口水塘，两个“砚池”，板梁的重要文化符号。
在板 梁许多房子的门额上，绘或雕有“藜光第”三个大字。稍有国学底子的人一看，马上得知房主姓刘。这是一个典故。说的是西汉著名文学家和经学家刘向的故事。传说有一天，刘向在天禄阁校书至深夜，当烛尽灯灭之后，仍不肯就寝，就在暗室中背诵经书。忽有一位黄衣老人叩门而进，将手中青藜杖顶端一吹，藜杖竟然燃烧起来，光芒照亮了暗室。刘向见状，恭敬地施礼相迎，并询问老人“尊姓大名”。老人答道：“我乃太乙之精，闻知卯金刀（繁写体‘刘’）之子好学，特来视察。现赠你《洪范五行》之文。”答完从怀中取出一卷简牍，传授给刘向。刘向后来果然成为一代宗师，在中国文化史上建立起不朽伟业。刘向后人以“燃藜夜读”神奇传说命名本家堂室，即“藜照堂”。除“藜照堂”外，刘向后代还有许多近似堂号，如青藜堂、藜阁堂、燃藜堂、光藜堂、藜光堂、尚藜堂、宝藜堂等，板梁“藜光第”仅仅是一个。这样取名，既是为标示本家系书香门第，也是为勉励子孙勤奋读书。
板梁建筑上的雕刻，无论石、木，都是重要的文化符号。如蝙蝠、鹿儿、蟠桃、喜鹊，取谐音，寓意福、禄、寿、喜；竹子抱瓶，寓意“竹报平安”；莲花童子，寓意“连生贵子”……与其他地方古建筑的寓意大致相同，也有别具一格之处。
刘绍连、刘绍苏故宅的“别样”颇让人琢磨。刘绍连故居里，标明家世高低的门当户对，上面既没有圆鼓，也没有奔鹿，因为他家是做生意的，既没有出过官，也没有得过功名。可刘家大门的石门槛有一尺多高，这就是告诉人们，本家虽然没有显赫家世，可因为富有钱粮，门槛还是颇高的。在一进的雕花隔板上，有一幅怪怪的图案，即猴子骑在马上，墙上的彩绘也颇耐人寻味——龙非龙，鱼非鱼。一般人认为，前者寓意“马上封侯”，后者寓意着“鲤鱼跳龙门”。其实，这当中有着更深的寓意，即告诉来人，我家现在虽然是“鱼”，但子孙们可以通过读书途径，实现从“鱼”到“龙”的飞跃，在短时间内成为公侯。既是无奈的自道，也是追求、励志的强烈表达。
身为高官的刘绍苏，刻在宅子的文化符号也让人颇费心思。整栋建筑三进三级，每级都以麻石做成台阶，寓意着“步步高升”；从二进到三进正堂的天井里，垫有简状的三块大石头，寓意着其是三品大员；隔板花格上雕的是鹤，虽然有点“违制”——在明清官服上，只有一品大员才能绣鹤，三品只能绣孔雀，但这标示他是文官。因为在明清时期，文官服上绣飞禽，武将服上绣走兽，家庭装饰与其相对应。
建筑上的文化符号，解读古村内涵的一把锁匙。
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