编者按
2014年7月1日，湖南省民协【记住乡愁】寻找湖南最美“古村镇，老手艺”活动采编组，带你走进湖南省常德桃源县木雕传奇“桃源工”。
【湖南日报】2014年7月1日第六版报道
1、“桃源工”的杰作
“桃源工”这个名字，现在人们听来可能觉得新鲜，可在明清时期，却是名闻全国。
“桃源工”的主体是木雕师傅。他们被请进故宫，专门雕龙刻凤，打造皇家气派。
其实，我们平日见过许多“桃源工”的杰作：北京故宫的雕梁、岳麓书院的乾隆皇帝的“道南正脉”赐匾、桃花源百床馆那些千姿百态的雕花床……
2、“桃源工”的出名
记者5月下旬到桃源寻访。对这段历史，“桃源工”传人之一程冬初说得清楚。
1491年，明宪宗第十二子朱枢封王于常德。为修建王府，他从京城皇宫调集大批能工巧匠，将精湛、豪华的宫廷营造艺术及雕刻技艺带到了常德，与桃源原有质朴大气的雕技有机交融，形成了具有地方特色的“桃源木雕”。清代康乾年间，“桃源工”屡被召进宫内做工献技，木雕技艺水平也达到顶峰，蜚声朝野。清帝逊位后，这批工匠返回家乡，其技艺为民间服务，在沅澧流域代代相传。“桃源工”的生活、建筑作品，内容丰富多彩、刀法细腻圆润，兼备宫廷的大气、雅致和民间的清新、活泼。
另一位“桃源工”的传承人告诉记者，他听父亲说过，有人在宫里雕了一辈子，老死在刻桌边。
3、“桃源工”的再兴
一个时期，“桃源工”沉寂了，其名再兴在上个世纪80年代。
记者在县城非遗传承中心遇上了“桃源工”传承人之一的朱德元。他记得，1964年出生的他当时不到20岁，随父亲到桃源玉器厂做底座。一天，桃花源景区来了一位领导，说是请他们到长沙修复岳麓书院。原来，岳麓书院要重新开放，可主持者遇到了一个难题，到哪里寻找老工匠？一个老家桃源的教授说起“桃源工”的故事，于是一个“请”字让朱德元父子重出江湖。朱德元记得，父子俩在那里一干两年多，所有的木雕，不管是修理的，还是新配的，都出自他们之手。他就亲手修理过乾隆御赐的“道南正脉”匾，那匾饰边损坏了。这饰边的木雕好复杂的，光龙就有八条，由海水、云彩衬托。他和父亲使出浑身解数，采用了桃源木雕中浮雕、阴雕、穿雕、圆雕、立体雕、镂空雕等所有技法，将这匾修复如原，院方非常满意。
他们从此一发不可收拾，凤凰古城、澧县文庙、浏阳孙思邈公园等里头的木雕大都出自他们之手。
4、“桃源工”的近亲
在采访时，朱德元和侄儿朱斌正在雕刻桃木剑，他雕剑套，侄儿雕剑柄。他们的主要工具就是凿刀，平凿、圆凿、三角凿、斜凿、反口凿，大号、中号、小号，林林总总每个人面前有好几把。据他们说，一个“桃源工”得有120把左右的凿刀才能独自出门闯江湖。
朱德元说，搞木雕一般要五道工序，即裁料、绘图、雕刻、打磨、做漆。记者疑惑，漆匠不是独立的手艺么？他笑笑：岩（石匠）、木（匠）、雕（木雕）、画（工艺绘画）、漆（匠）的老祖都是鲁班。民间传说是，鲁班用两块比较坚硬的圆石，各凿成密布的浅槽，合在一起，用人力或畜力使它转动，就把米面磨成粉了。画匠，大概是鲁班发明了墨斗之类的工具吧！至于油漆匠尊鲁班为师，大概是沾了妻子的光。传说是一天鲁班外出，有人来找他去修屋梁，班妻就叫一个小徒弟去修。不一会儿，小徒弟跑回来说：“木头太旧了，修出来也不好看。”班妻说：“你用水和点胶泥、红土，抹到木头上，不就像新品了！”小徒弟返回照着她的话做了，果然颜色鲜亮了许多。这就是建筑物髹漆的开端。当然，也有的地方奉唐代吴道子和宋代普安和尚为油漆匠祖师爷，大概是因为画家擅长调色的缘故吧。木匠、木雕奉鲁班为祖师就不用说了。
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