【大美乡愁】活动动态(47)上甘棠的 《八十一个“他”字歌》

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湖南省民协【大美乡愁】寻找湖南最美“古村镇,老手艺”活动采编组,带你走进江永县古村“上甘棠”。

【湖南日报】2014年8月28日第七版报道

本报记者 文热心

“悠远甘棠”,是记者在2007年造访江永县古村上甘棠时发出的感慨。丰富的地上遗存,深厚的历史文化底蕴,岂不如此感慨?

今年7月底,记者再一次来到这里时不由得发问:地面遗存为什么保存得这么好,历史脉络为什么这么清晰?在看到整修一新的“寿萱亭”时,记者似乎明白了点什么。

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在古代称呼中,“椿萱”二字,“椿”父亲,“萱”是指母亲。“寿萱亭”意思就是为纪念母亲寿辰修建的亭子。亭中有修亭人的姓名——周际隆,身份为“例授奉政大夫”。例授,就是朝廷按照定例授予官爵。与周际隆不同,他的父亲周振邦是个作古正经的五品官。其母亲信佛吃斋,体悯乡亲邻里,更以善言感化乡亲,故被尊称为“慈悲佛母”。光绪三十三年(1908),在母亲生日时,他为母、嫂修建了这座寿萱亭,并重建了那条通往广西的石板古驿道。

周际隆把寿萱亭修在古驿道上,客观效果是给行人提供了一个歇脚、躲避太阳和风雨之所,而他主观意愿是为母亲增添功德、弘扬功德。如是,这座凉亭又是个“宣传栏”。那块嵌在亭子墙体内、刻有《慈悲佛母八十一个他字歌并序》青石碑,就可说明这一切。

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“歌”前有序:世事有成有败,休争谁弱谁强。无论富贵贫贱,须存本分忠良。圣贤千言万语,谆谆告诫精祥。我再现身说法,奉天开化飞鸾。八十一个他字,并无一字荒唐。一句一字细读,方知词短意长。

全歌是:“凡人世上有父母翁姑孝他,先要顺他,切莫逆他、傲他;下有妻子奴婢,养他,便要教他,切莫骄他、纵他;伯叔如父母,待他;兄弟如手足,爱他;妯娌姐妹,和他;儿多不可嫌他,女多不可溺他;先灵虽远必要祭他,坟墓勤修培扫他;九族寒贱莫疏他,乡邻贫穷莫慢他;年高有德敬重他,知书达理请教他;忠厚老实莫哄他,积善修福须扬他;无衣乏食莫笑他,时运未至提拔他,瞽目残疾扶持他,老幼乞丐施与他,得人恩情莫忘他,受人寄托莫误他,鳏寡孤独莫欺他;遇富贵莫谄媚他,见贫贱莫轻亵他;生意买卖莫欺他,大斗小秤莫用他,佃种小户莫亏他;国课早完莫拖欠他,王法森严莫轻犯他,阴司刑惨要修免他;人有小过莫检点他,人有患难要救全他,恃强凶恶莫帮他,酗酒相连莫惹他,以势诓人莫奉承他;打牌赌钱莫看他,来历不明莫留他,愚蠢无知莫计较他,反面无情莫结交他;借人钱米莫骗他,向人取债莫逼他,非义之财莫贪他;闺门亵事莫谈他,淫书小说莫观他,淫歌状纸莫写他;官司口舌自己莫好他,别人莫怂他;训人子弟责他、严他、细细教他;娇姿美色未见莫想他,既见莫图他;牛犬虾蟆莫食他,春来之鸟莫打他,虫蚁贪生莫贱他,龟蛇灵物莫伤他。总之,退一步让他,转一念容他。于是,有人说我、笑我、量我、欺我、辱我、骂我、凌我、败我、防我、厄我、算我、打我,我何以待之?只有随他、怕他、饶他、忍他、不逢他、不理他、不信他、不计他、躲他、避他,我慢慢看他。”

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81个“他”字集中讲述了做人的道德修养问题,用通俗的语言概括了我国传统文化中的道德规范。专家学者也赞誉,这“歌”是一篇浓缩了的“增广贤文”。

上甘棠是一个以周姓为主体聚居的村子,现今435户中除7户杂姓,其余为周姓族人。这支周氏原籍山东青州,几经辗转,在唐太和二年(827年)定居上甘棠。世代繁衍,延续至今已有40多代了,历经1200多年。在千余年的发展过程中,村庄的村名始终不变,村庄的位置始终不变,聚居的传统始终不变,这在全省乃至全国都是罕见。

这就是说,在上甘棠周氏家族中,有着超稳定的文化引导系统。《八十一个他字歌》不过是这种系统中一个重要元素而已。

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