乡愁,如何捧起

对保护湖湘大地,古镇、古村落、古民居的思考

【湖南日报】2014年12月27日第六版报道

本报记者 文热心

自5月开始,本报开设了“记住乡愁”栏目,报道了湖湘大地一批“三古”(古镇、古村落、古民居)的现状,目的当然是唤起大众的保护“三古”意识,留住这些烙印着中华优秀传统文化的载体。一个深层次的问题是,保护的路径是什么?

1、处处乡愁处处美

“三古”是道道风景。在湖湘大地,有张谷英这样聚族而居的朴实民居,也有零陵周家大院那样的豪华官居;有典型的徽派建筑,也有已湖湘化的洪江古商城、绥宁于家大院那样的窨子屋,还有陈氏融合北方风格四合院;有城步大寨那种典型的苗寨,也有汝城石泉那样典型汉族村子;有像桂阳泗州寨那样“五里商街”,也有湘西南那种具有防御功能的堡垒式建筑……无论哪一种,在今人看来都是风景。

莎士比亚故乡—斯特拉斯福小镇

“三古”沉淀着文化。古民居无论从其选址、布局、结构,还是雕刻、书字、摆设,都有来历和出处,体现出中国传统文化。如,选址中的“天人合一”的哲学思想,布局中的“文房四宝”的对应,门楣上家世字样的标示,都是中国文化元素的彰显。湖湘大地的“三古”,除建筑上的鲜明特色外,更有非同一般的内涵。譬如,麻里湾里的山泉美,沅陵乌宿的求知美,醴陵沩山的厚重美,都散发无穷的魅力。它们可能不悦目,却可以赏心,更可以陶情。无疑,这是乡愁中另一种美的形态。

莎士比亚故乡—斯特拉斯福小镇

“三古”是乡愁载体。故乡的山、水、房、路,还有乡音、故事、人物……都会激起人们对故乡思念的美好情感,可以激发人们热爱家乡、建设家乡的热情。而热爱家乡是热爱祖国的起点。

莎士比亚博物馆

2、保护路径得探索

保护“三古”,留住民族优秀传统文化之根,是全社会的共识,也是这次寻访活动的主旨。

可保护的路径是什么?

这次“记住乡愁——寻访‘三古一老’”活动发起人之一,湖南省文联副主席、省民间文艺家协会主席曾应明,在寻访了岳阳、益阳、永州、邵阳、涟源等地后,感触颇深,认为有效地保护“三古”,必须走商业运作之路,增强其自身的造血功能,实现由资源到财富的转化。

他举例说,这些年乡村旅游景点开发已形成一股热。山西的乔家大院是人们游晋时必去的景点,江浙水乡的古村游,江西的婺源“梦里老家”游,福建的土楼游,贵州的苗寨游,也成一时热门。在湖南,张谷英的开发走在最前面,接着有桂阳的阳村、永兴的板梁、江永的上甘棠等。这些地方,通过商业化运作,不仅让“三古”得到保护,也增加了乡村旅游资源。实践证明,只有走商业化运作之路,才能打通“三古”修缮、提质中的资金投入“瓶颈”。正因为这样,省政府在今年6月启动的保护古村工作中,确定了“多元投入”的路径。

莎士比亚故居

记者在寻访中得知,各地早就在探索“多元投入”的机制。汝城县人大常委会则以地方法规的形式,结合新农村建设,集中各个口子的资金,有计划地保护一批古村,如外沙“太保第”等。浏阳市对桃树湾明清古民居进行修缮,当地政府成立民居修缮委员会,政府、商家、业主共同筹资150万元,对其进行抢救性修复。

3、莎翁故乡的启示

曾应明在今年7月,特意考察了英国莎士比亚故乡斯特拉斯福。

他告诉记者,斯特拉斯福人口仅2万,既无工厂,也无农田,第一眼的感觉后,不由得发问:他们靠什么营生?过细的审视,发现除了莎翁故居、“莎士比亚中心”外,不是宾馆就是酒店。这里的建筑、设施、商品,从商标到命名,都和莎士比亚有关,简直是一个莎士比亚的世界。当成群结队的游客在这里流连忘返,大批大巴鱼贯而来时,他们明白了:旅游就是这里的产业。据导游介绍,游客每年达150万人次。莎翁是他们取之不尽的文化红利。

莎士比亚故居

曾应明算了账:这里每年仅门票收入折合人民币1.8亿元,2万人的小镇人均9000元,而住宿和餐饮等肯定是这个数好几倍。

“我们还用得着替斯特拉特福的衣食担心么?”曾应明自问,“可这种资源在我们湖南比比皆是啊!”

4、要紧的是高起点

曾应明认为,保护“三古”确是一件迫在眉睫的事,因为现在一些处于危急之中的建筑可能因为一场风雨化作一片瓦砾,一些颇有内涵的建筑可能因为产权属于个人,毁于拆旧建新之中。

但是,保护“三古”应该采取“急事”从长计议着办的方略。“从长”,就是要深谋远虑,把文化传承、生态保护、经济发展、改善民生有机结合起来;“计议”,就是必须以大手笔、大筹划出成熟的保护、开发方案,达到保护、开发一步到位。

在保护“三古”过程中,来不得“草鞋没样,边打边像”这个过程,必须克服急功近利的心态,以免造成“画虎不像反类犬”的遗憾。

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