冯骥才(右)在安徽省黟县西递村的古民居考察 新华网图片
防止过度开发造成二次破坏
如何平衡保护与发展,是冯骥才一直在思考的问题。他最担心的,是旅游开发对这些村落造成的二次破坏。
他的担心不无道理,首批公布的保护名录中的河北省张家口市怀来县鸡鸣驿村就受到了旅游开发不当的威胁。外人入村要买门票,村里的主街道两侧开设了多家古玩店、玉器店,众多明清时期的古建筑都上了锁,专供收费参观,极大破坏了村落的原有风貌与村民的生活状态。
冯骥才坦言,一个地区的经济有兴衰,但唯有文化是永远攥在手中不变的王牌,是永恒的资源。这资源既是经济的,更是精神的。如果拿它换眼前几个小钱,失去的只能是一个地区最重要的东西--精神。地域精神、人文传统、乡土情感与亲和力,这些东西一旦失去,多少钱也买不回来。
“适当开发有必要,但要有度。”冯骥才强调,为了避免过度开发造成二次破坏,对传统村落应一村一规划,发展规划要与保护规划统一。
资金和村民意识是两大难题
谈到保护工作中的困难,冯骥才讲,总体而言,促进传统村落发展,保护文化资源不丧失,有两个需要解决的问题,一是缺乏资金,二是村民的保护意识不足。
对已经进入保护名录的村子,他认为重点是改善居民的生活,让他们享受到现代科技的便利,能在当地获得生活来源,愿意继续住在村子里。而这需要大量资金。他说,国家已经投入了大量资金,但光靠政府是肯定不够的,各地的科研机构、教育机构和民间组织也应参与进来。
关于村民保护意识,冯骥才相信要依靠文化普及,让村民认识到这些村落的价值,知道为什么要保护,因为谁的自觉也不如文化主人的自觉。
他指出,文化自觉是建立在几个不同的层面:一是知识分子的文化自觉;二是国家的自觉,是决策性、战略性的,很关键;三是各个地方政府的文化自觉,是执行的关键;最后要达到全民的文化自觉,这是社会文明的进步。
冯骥才在天津窑洼炮台遗址发现一块石碑。新华网图片
城镇化不等于放松新农村建设
“我们的非物质文化遗产基本上在农村,文化的多样性也在农村,民族之根深深地扎在农村。无论从它的规模、内涵还是价值来讲,中国古村落都是一个最大的文化遗产”。冯骥才话锋一转,说:“我不反对城镇化,相反还很赞成,但要有度,不能一味地图快。”
冯骥才也承认,一些村落消亡不可避免,“但那些有价值的村落一定要保护和保留。城镇化不能‘摊大饼’,不能盲目发展,更不能裹挟新农村建设,而要与之相得益彰,和谐发展。”
冯骥才说,为了更好地保护传统村落,让人们寻得到“乡愁”,由中国民间文艺家协会和中国摄影家协会等共同组织实施的“中国传统村落立档调查”项目已经全面铺开。
“预计今年底前,中国传统村落档案的第一卷将推出,包括北京、天津、河北和山西四个省市。这是一个范本卷,将对接下来的普查工作提供指导和借鉴。”冯骥才说。
要避免类似城市的“规划性破坏”
冯骥才认为,保护非物质文化遗产除了需要全民的自知、自觉、自省外,第一保护人就是政府。民间文化遗产的保护,关键是看领导者的文化意识。政府既可以成为文化遗产最大的保护者,也可以成为最大的破坏者。
“因此,政府官员在城镇化过程中不能对文化失职,更不能失语,要有文化责任和眼光。”他说。
他指出,普查完后,要确定古村落的发展规划,同时要避免类似城市的“规划性破坏”。要考虑村落的历史形象、文化形态和独特性,融入农村的建设中去。当然,还要建设新的乡村文化生活,包括构筑现代的文化设施、开发旅游等等,要统一考虑、相互协调,不要对立,更不能“除旧更新”。
When I’m running, I pick a point in the distance (the next stoplight, a house, etcWhat results is a brilliant collection of closely linked stories infused with decay and depravity and mutation and obsession.
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