编者按
2014年8月16日,湖南省文联副主席,省民协主席曾应明,省民协副主席漆林生,副秘书长王进斌,岳阳市文联、民协领导,魚业专家李水生,【大美乡愁】寻找湖南最美“古村镇,老手艺”采编组一行走进岳阳洞庭湖外湖领略捕魚老手艺,"禽敌搏魚法。
岳阳洞庭湖外湖、长江与洞庭湖的交汇处,八百里洞庭湖已在眼前,徜徉在烟波浩淼的湖面,比图片上犹多几分秀美和壮阔,不虚此行。
考察洞庭湖渔民古老的捕魚老手艺,"禽敌搏魚法。"自古以来,在洞庭湖的七、八、九三个月活跃着一个珍贵的魚类品种:针嘴魚。只有此时间,此湖域,用此方式才能捕到此类魚。在省民协副主席漆林生的安排下,「大美乡愁」活动考察组一行早晨六点多钟就开始出发,迎着朝阳,在岳阳湖洲管理中心李队长亲自操舵下,我们向湖心进发。为了让我们细心体验每一个有变化的水域、李队都会详细给我们解说、船航行在波光粼粼的洞庭湖上。当有大吨位机船迎面开来,李队都会主动停船,迎风接浪,尽量减少颠簸。渔业专家李水生一路与我们同行,除了给我们拍照,更多的时间是担任向导,给我们讲叙了各类鱼种的故事,介绍了洞庭湖一共拥有117种鱼。岳阳市文联、民协领导一同参与考察。下午二点多钟、我们返航时,鱼工即将捕获的针嘴魚全部晾晒在事先准备的晒上。在当今声、光、电捕魚盛行的时代,李水生专家告诉我们,现在洞庭湖最可恨的捕魚方式是"电力偷捕,那是对魚类的毁灭。"还是我们老祖宗遗留下来的方法值得保护。它虽然有些古老,但它保持了人与自然的和谐。李水生的话、使我们更加感到寻找"老手艺"的意义所在。
民间的古老捕鱼方法,天然捕鱼法,人与自然和谐的好风景。
1、弯沟捕鱼法,这种捕鱼方法是首先沿着湖岸沙滩挖一条弯弯的沟,沟的两头连着湖,沟很浅,以不出水为好,沟宽1市尺左右,渔民们叫这种沟为“篱笆沟”。鱼发时,用水车从一头车湖水,水顺着弯沟从另一头流入湖中,形成股流动的水,鱼就会成群结队顺着水流抢水而上,游进沟中,等鱼铺满小沟,就停车拿干滩儿鱼。这种捕法在湖周围都有使用的。
2、鱼笼捕鱼法,这是比较独特的捕鱼方式。有一种泉水的水温比湖水略高,水质纯净,是非常好的地下矿泉水,鱼非常喜欢这种泉水,渔民们称这种泉水为“真水”,意思是真正的水。他们把这些泉水分成若干股,顺着挖好的小沟流入湖中,在出水口的地方安放一个用竹篾编的大笼子,叫倒须笼,鱼只能进不能出;在鱼笼旁的水口处,用一木制水车车湖水进沟与泉水混合。抗浪鱼来时,从水车下顺着水流进入沟中,在沟中的泉水里嬉戏、产卵。当它们产了卵,玩够了,就顺着水流钻进鱼笼中去了,这叫“请君入瓮”。碰上好季节,一笼便可捕几十斤甚至一二百斤抗浪鱼。
3、香味捕鱼法。这种捕鱼方法很简单,用一种青香树枝或是山上的蕨蕨棵扎成把,因为青香树枝或蕨蕨棵会散发出一种清香味,把香把放在岩石叫的水中,鱼来时,会钻进香把中产卵,等香把里钻满了鱼,就用网兜连同香把捞起来,提着香把一抖,鱼就掉出来了。
4、自然捕鱼方法:一条舢板,在船靠岸一侧装一块用三根竹竿支起一张离开水面的“布兜”,船底下有一根与船身前进方向垂直的竹竿,那竹竿横躺在水中,基本和水底贴近,但决不会离水底太近而影响船的前进。捕鱼者划着船,优哉优哉地沿着河边逆水向前。横竿在前,鱼兜在旁,只要横竿贴水底扫过,那受惊的鱼儿就会跃出水面,一部分回到水中,但总有一些鱼跳的地方不对——于是就跳到“布兜”里了!那布兜中间有点堕,跳进去的鱼很难再跳出来。只要那捕鱼者沿岸一直朝前划,总有鱼儿跳进那个布兜里!
洞庭湖捕鱼应以自然生态规律为基础,休渔期绝不捕鱼,杜绝电力偷捕,实现绿色化捕鱼经济发展,确保生态系统平衡发展。
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