【大美乡愁】活动动态(34)龙门世第“六栋堂”

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湖南省民协【大美乡愁】寻找湖南最美“古村镇,老手艺”活动采编组,带你走进湖南省浏阳市东陲金刚镇,那里有一片建于清乾隆年间的古民居,名为“六栋堂”。

【湖南日报】2014年8月7日第八版报道

在“月落两省,鸡鸣三县”的浏阳市东陲金刚镇,有一片建于清乾隆年间的古民居,名为“六栋堂”。

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六栋堂——从字面上理解,就是由六栋房子组成的建筑群。

来到“六栋堂”前,首先映入眼帘的是两边挂有“龙门世第”、“鹿洞家声”,门额书有“六栋堂”的大门。这就是门第标示吧。“龙门世第”,是说这家为皇家后裔。中国汉族有名的皇帝无非是刘、李、赵、朱等而已。这家果然姓李,是唐忠武西平王李晟之后。“鹿洞家声”,则让人有点费猜。南宋朱熹曾讲学于江西白鹿洞书院,以后朱氏子孙以“鹿洞”标示自家门第。六栋堂如此标示,是因为李家与朱家有着密切关系,还是从江西迁来的缘故?

进得大门后,一溜六栋房子。厅堂、天井和两侧横屋、厢房构成相对独立的建筑单元。此单元与彼单元以厅相连,直通最后一栋,一栋比一栋高;打开厅与厅之间的隔断门,六个大厅一览无余,近百米的进深,108根木柱整齐排列两边,形成一个幽深的空间,不由得让人发出“庭院深深”的感慨。同时也让人想起大树,主杆直冲天际,枝条两边横生,家也如是。

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如此,就扯出一个问题,据李家后人介绍:清顺治年间,李氏第九派时郁公生有9个儿子,二儿子李锦理财有道,富甲一方。其“道”就是以田租——一年“千把担租子”,完成也算是“原始积累”吧,后来转行做鞭炮生意,在汉口、厦门等地设立爆庄,财富积累陡增。于是,李锦作出了建房买田的决定。他说:“吾族人逾千,贫富难均,况天有不测风云,人有旦夕祸福。今建房九栋,为日后逆境之子孙遮风避雨;置田三百,与无食者果腹。功德自在,吾辈无忧矣。”遂安排兄弟们按“九栋十八厅”的格局,各建房一栋。

“九栋堂”变为“六栋堂”的故事就这样发生了。正当大兴土木之时,有人向官府举报,说李家私建皇宫。确实,顺治入关后,对官员的住房作了严格的等级规定。到了乾隆年间,颁布了《钦定大清会典》,对体制内各种生活都进行了规范,其中当然包括住宅。譬如说,门前的台阶,六、七品官员的不能高于二级,以此类推,但最高不能超过八级。超过八就是九了,九是数字之极,除了皇帝谁也不能用。李家被人告状,一个原因可能出在那个“九”字上。不过,记者翻阅有关资料,发现乾隆年间,广东的罗家、江西的王家,都建有九栋十八厅,不过两家有高官在朝。是皇帝特许,还是规制松弛?另一个可能是,顺治年间,才入主中原的清廷怕汉人谋反,何况附近的湘潭就发生过何腾蛟抗清的事!

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于是,朝廷特派钦差前来调查。李氏停建、周旋,总算“了难”。这一停就是几十年,直到康熙四十五年(1706)才重新开建,避开“九”字,只建六栋正房,再在左边建三栋“偏房”,并取名“六栋堂”。

“六栋堂”建成之后,李家更加兴旺。到了乾隆初年,李家对六栋堂再次扩建,不仅在两旁增建了厢房,而且在建筑群里增加了戏台、操坪、鱼池、水井、花园、走马巷、跑马场、拴马院等,在墙头和支柱的月照上刻了“李晟受封”等故事图案,在主厅堂挂上了“文魁”等四块大匾。据说,六栋堂全盛时,占地二百余亩,仅厢房就有500多间,一应公共设施俱全。

六栋堂的“建设史”告诉我们,在君主专制时期,建房得按礼制来,哪怕你最有钱,哪怕你祖上很阔。它还告诉我们,李锦建“六栋堂”给“日后逆境之子孙遮风避雨”的传统心理,至今还在延续。

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