岳阳县张谷英镇张谷英村全貌。 李敏 摄
2014年8月6日 湖南日报第7版报道
本报记者 李国斌 通讯员 叶小玲
望得见山，看得见水，记得住乡愁。
在21万平方公里的潇湘大地上，留存、散落着许多古村落古民居。省文物局的统计显示，全省普查登记的古村落有251处。这些古村落融自然山水、传统道德、乡风民俗、建筑理念于一体，具有重要的历史、文化、建筑、艺术、旅游等价值，在我国南方古村落中占有重要位置。
然而，受城镇化、现代化、社会转型等因素影响，古村落数量锐减，空壳化现象严重，保护形势极其严峻。中国村落文化研究中心的田野调查显示，从2002年至2012年，湖南省的传统村落平均每年减少183.4个，差不多每2天消失一个。
古村落，要如何在现代社会存续？能否焕发新生机？本报记者采访了两个古村落的保护和开发，看看他们如何为后人“留住乡愁”。
张谷英：保存完整明清古建筑
在岳阳县渭洞笔架山下，有一个保存完整的明清古建筑群——张谷英村，是湘鄂一带许多游客的旅游目的地。
张谷英村古建筑群环山而建，总面积达5.1万平方米，有大小房屋1700余间。从外看，雕梁画栋，气势恢宏；走进内，“晴不曝日，雨不湿鞋”。
8月1日，记者穿梭于张谷英村，尽管是星期五，仍有几辆旅游大巴开来。如今的张谷英村，不仅是全国重点文物保护单位、中国历史文化名村，也是4A级旅游景区。
岳阳县张谷英村管理处副主任易立勤说，1989年张谷英村列入县级文保范围后，便开始着手保护和开发。2003年，张谷英村开通旅游专线，现在长沙的旅行社每到周末都发团往张谷英村。2008年，已经在安徽宏村、北京门头沟积累了古村落开发成功经验的中坤集团，进驻张谷英村，6年来已累计投入数千万元。近几年，张谷英村每年游客量都在10万人次以上。
记者看到，古建筑群内，旅游线路所经之处，干干净净，整齐有序。中坤公司有10位保洁员全天打扫，并与旅游线路上的住户签订协议，通过给予补贴，推动他们积极参与保护环境卫生。
旅游渐渐兴起，群众建房需求强烈。对此，管理处采取疏、堵、拆相结合的方法。在核心保护区内禁止新建和改扩建，在控建范围内禁止新建房屋。同时，投入资金500余万元，开辟了两个安置点，集中安置居民110户，有效保护了古村整体风貌。
随着游客的纷至沓来，村民从中得到了实惠。张谷英村有关负责人告诉记者，村集体可以从门票收入中分成约22%，全村有近500人从事餐饮、接待、导游等旅游服务业，村民60%的收入、村委会80%以上的收入来源于旅游业。
村民受益后，转身积极参与文物保护。7月30日，张谷英村启动6个文物点的维修工程。易立勤说，此次维修涉及30多户居民，头一天开会，居民第二天就开始搬家，没有一个人讨价还价。
石堰坪：映入眼帘全是吊脚楼
8月4日一大早，张家界市永定区文物局局长唐永才就赶到国家文物局，办理石堰坪村整理保护利用方案申报的有关工作。他兴奋地告诉记者，方案已经获得国家文物局批准，就等财政部下文拨款，预计今年石堰坪村可获得文物保护利用资金上千万元。
位于一块盆地中的石堰坪村，宛如一幅美丽的风景画。该村生态植被完好，森林覆盖率达90%以上。山脚下，180余栋土家吊脚楼星罗棋布，错落有致。这个始建于清代的古建筑群，去年成为全国重点文物保护单位。前不久，该村列入国家文物局首批50个传统村落整体保护利用名单。
走在石堰坪村，映入眼帘的全是吊脚楼，看不到现代砖房的影子。“从2002年起，村里就开始保护吊脚楼。”村支书全建国告诉记者，当时村民不理解，一些年轻人在外打工，挣了钱回来就想修楼房，村干部不断地上门做工作，有时候一户人家要上10次门。
为了保护好这些吊脚楼，2002年和2010年，村里先后两次制订保护吊脚楼的“村规民约”，对因破损需要修缮的吊脚楼补贴2000元至5000元，对新建吊脚楼的农户给予1万元奖励。同时，实行责任制，签订了村、组、农户吊脚楼保护责任状，还先后投入30万元对全村吊脚楼进行提质升级和危楼改造。
石堰坪村原生态环境保护良好，有景色秀丽的上伏溪古柳群和集姑寨，古木参天的万亩原始次生林大岗岭、王古界景观，还有火药作坊遗址、宋代龙口窑遗址和48座崖墓等文化遗存。特别是村里的居民绝大多数仍使用传统的生活用具并保留着传统的农耕生产方式，有薅草锣鼓、山歌对唱、扬叉舞、草龙灯、太平歌、哭嫁、求雨、土地戏、铜铃舞、花灯、糊仓等丰富的生产生活习俗。唐永才表示，按照规划，全村将作为一个土家族生态博物馆完整保护好。
去年，石堰坪村接待游客8万多人次。日益兴起的旅游，吸引了年轻人回乡创业。原来在外打工的全子灼，看到村里光明的前景，今年回村发展，并在上半年竞选村主任成功。
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