编者按:
家是最小的国,国是共同的家。【大美乡愁】活动,日前报道了“古村镇”朱亭;和“老手艺”弹棉花。今天湖南省民间文艺家协会【大美乡愁】活动采编组带您来到绥宁“古民居”陈锡兰故居。希望大家能够喜欢。
【湖南日报 】2014年6月12日第四版报道
小而朴
在记者眼里,这个归隐林泉的官员住宅是规模小而质朴的。
首先说“小”。总面积也就760平方米,较之那些动辄几十亩的土豪庄园,实在是兔象之比。
再说“朴”。没有围墙,也没有像样的院子,甚至没有正规的大门,进院这扇门上甚至没有装饰物。它只有两进,而且第一进小得甚至有点狭窄。陈锡兰的第四代孙陈历炳指着我们认为只是个过道的地方说,这里当年是客厅,两边有雕花墙板,上首摆着条案和太师椅,墙上还挂着字画等。记者估量了一下,也就10多平方米。
南与北
从外表看,这个是典型的湘南古民居,外墙青砖,里墙木板;黑瓦盖顶,白粉饰檐;檐分两层,错落有致。
而它的结构却是北方四合院式。整个房子的外墙形成一个封闭的体系。第一进,短短的过道后是一个小天井,与客厅、风火墙、照壁形成一个“四合形”。穿过客厅,一个方整的院中之院。楼下为主人的活动区,楼上为卧室等。
这种结构,折射出主人的一段经历。史载:陈锡兰,咸丰元年(1851)中举,同治二年(1863)任陕西兴安府宜君知县,后调任兴平知县。在任时,颇得民心。告老还乡时,两县民众赠以“万民伞”。朝廷念及政绩突出,给他五品待遇。他将北方的住宅结构作为“副产品”,带回了湘南,建起了这栋特色鲜明的民居。
名和实
在记者眼里,建筑并不大,却非常实用。
前进是脸面,用于接待客人。把客厅后门一闩,后进就是一个独立世界。晴天,主人可以在鹅卵石铺成各种花纹图案的天井里读书、书写,陪着孙儿嬉戏;雨天,可以搬一把躺椅,在回廊里品着清茶,听着屋檐的雨声……四合院右边还开了一个小门,门里又是一个相对独立的小院,一栋两层小楼,上面住长工和仆人,下层则是谷仓、牛栏和猪圈等,并另外开门出入。如此,陈锡兰故居形成了接待、生活、生产三个互不干扰的体系。
后进东侧墙上开一扇门,直通院外的水井。就是说,陈家人足不出大门可以浣衣、汲水……
陈历炳还指着天井的排水沟中一个约一平方尺的口子说,这个通风口与地道相连。如果土匪来了,陈家人可以通过这个口子进入地道,通往院外的山林中。
雅与俗
在前进天井的照墙上,有一幅壁画,画的两边有一副对联,只可惜现在只能辨认出右边的“读书志在圣贤”。陈历炳说,左边那句是“为官心存君国”,中间是一幅海瑞像。这说明,海瑞是陈锡兰心中的偶像,他教育子弟以海瑞为榜样,心存君国。陈历炳还告诉记者,原来这里的门上都有对联,如侧门联:“履中蹈和式如金玉,励才砥德相我国家”……可见,陈锡兰虽归隐山林,仍然心系国家、百姓,仍然奉行的是士大夫“修身齐家治国平天下”的价值追求。
正如考察过这里的文史专家曹砚农先生说的那样,“中华民族有着‘家’与‘国’密不可分的优良传统,‘家是最小的国,国是千万家’。陈锡兰旧宅正是一座具有重要传统价值的‘文化之家’。”
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