【大美乡愁】活动动态⑩“老手艺”打铁

编者按

张打铁李打铁

打把剪刀送姐姐……

听着这古老而熟悉的民谣，湖南省民协【记住乡愁】寻找湖南最美的”古村镇，老手艺“活动采编组带您进入即将失传的“老手艺”打铁。

【湖南日报】2014年6月16第三版报道

“叮、嘡，叮、嘡……”“叮、嗵，叮、嗵……”硬对硬的击打声；“呼哧、呼哧”的风箱拉捅声，旺得几寸高的火焰；这是许多上了年纪的人对铁匠铺的印象。

5月下旬的一天，雨中的小巷里传来了“嗵嗵嗵”的击打声，人们告诉记者，那是打铁。

在常德鼎城区蒿子港镇一个小巷里，记者见识了这家铁匠铺。

主人邱爱国，身着蓝布围裙，双手握着夹钳，夹钳里是一块烧得通红的铁块，让电锤击打着。他笑着告诉我们，拉风箱、甩大锤的方式早就改了，现在锻打用电锤，拉风箱用电鼓风机。

邱师傅今天的活是“打菜刀”。一般人们印象中打铁的环节是“猛火烧——冷水淬——轻锤敲”。可邱师傅说，一把菜刀从切铁开始到最后上把，得经过切铁、焊钢、生火、锻打、成形、整口、淬火、调口、砂磨及上把共10道工序，目前是锻打。

邱师傅继续说，一般人看得到的，印象最深刻的也就是锻打。为何？确实好看好听。“叮、嘡，叮、嘡……”那叫“文打”，抢大锤的徒弟要跟着师傅的小锤像鸡啄米一样击打铁块；“叮、嗵，叮、嗵……”那叫“武打”，徒弟要抡开膀子，将那把几公斤的大锤甩得360度，重重地落在铁块上。“文打”一般用在器物成形时，“武打”则用在锻打阶段——即将铁坯打成器物的大致模样。在一般人眼里，打铁是气力活，“世上三行苦，撑船打铁磨豆腐”；铁匠是粗人，“铁匠做官，打字上前”啊！文学艺术家们则把铁匠作为审美对象，现代作家刘半农写了许多“铁匠诗”，其中一首为《拟儿歌——铁匠镗镗》：“铁匠镗镗！朝打锄头，夜打刀枪。锄头打出种田地，刀枪打出杀魍魉。”西洋也有《快乐的铁匠》的曲子。

其实，铁匠活粗“艺”不粗。就像打菜刀，有三道工序学问颇深。第一道学问是生火，就是要将铁和钢糅在一起，好钢要放在刀口上。而无论是菜刀，砍刀，还是杀猪刀，加进去的钢是不一样的，得凭经验。第二道学问是“淬火”，按现代工业上说的就是“热处理”。这是道技术性极强的活儿——何时把铁器放入水里？在水里浸泡多久？这些都是铁匠必须把握的。淬火“老”了，铁器就失去了刚韧，用起来费力不讨好。淬火“嫩”了，铁器虽锋利但易损坏。如何才能恰到好处，这便是铁匠的真经了。淬火的火候极为重要，把握不好就会变酥变脆，用起来容易发生崩裂，这叫“崩钢”。淬火的用水也有讲究，必须清澈，水一弄脏，淬火后钢铁的硬度和韧度就会大打折扣……正因为做铁匠要讲究火候，也就奉太上老君为祖师——用八挂炉炼丹，火候不到练不成。第三道学问就是调口，按现在的说法是“精密加工”。打出来时，刀口参差不齐，得打平，功夫不好，一锉下去，就会崩掉一大块。打平后，还得根据刀的具体用途，用砂轮细细地磨，磨不好，刀口不是太钝就是太利了。

问起刀价，邱师傅说，卖50元钱一把。话题自然转到了过日子上。

邱师傅感慨地说，这手艺总怕要失传。他16岁开始打铁，上个世纪累死累活，总做不赢，现在却是生意清淡。为何？因为铁匠活大都被机器代替了，如菜刀、镰刀、铲子、锄头等都有机器压，产品比手工打的便宜得多。譬如菜刀，手工打的要卖50元一把，机器压的只卖10元。因为便宜，有些菜刀用个两三年就丢掉了，成了“一次性”用品。邱师傅说，其实手工铁器有个好处，烂了可以修——一把锄头，一把菜刀修修补补，可以用一辈子，或者用几代人。

记者的耳边一直回荡着邱师傅“一辈子”、“一次性”的话语，不由得深思：用传统铁器，不是更环境友好、更资源节约么？

Sale Best Isaca CGEIT Practice Test

Pei s train, how many numbers I don t know, anyway, the green skin, four dollars will Certified in the Governance of Enterprise IT come to your home, you http://www.passexamcert.com/CGEIT.html are not very good at your CGEIT Practice Test home Huang CISA Certification CGEIT old broken shoes spread and grabbed Duan Feng The arm, looking Isaca CGEIT Practice Test obliquely at the eye, said Duan Feng. Liu Haizhu and Er Dongzi went to the city of bx, they did Isaca CGEIT Practice Test not dare to take the train. Er Dongzi said I thought about it.

The little pig baby CGEIT Practice Test of the year is not a piglet now. In order to take Isaca CGEIT Practice Test care of his father in the past few days, he automatically adjusted the workload. Our group of young nephews, the knives and knives, walked up Isaca CGEIT Practice Test and down in the village eagerly and eagerly we finally have to be in the four page, four page, four part appendix, one of the charms of everyday life a Isaca CGEIT Practice Test few Isaca CGEIT Practice Test paragraphs Isaca CGEIT Practice Test of ancient Chinese Too embarrassed, choose a good day to CISA Certification CGEIT Certified in the Governance of Enterprise IT go to the temple handsome office.

Ning Yu did not say anything, just caressing Isaca CGEIT Practice Test his hair with both hands. Li Wenbao led Isaca CGEIT Practice Test the guards to meet the Jingzhou CISA Certification CGEIT garrison chief, Isaca CGEIT Practice Test and found out that CGEIT Practice Test their troops could cross the river tomorrow evening. This is the third time that Yao Yao appeared in front of Zhuo Yue. When the exhibition was arranged the next morning, the staff she went to Certified in the Governance of Enterprise IT the exhibition hall CGEIT Practice Test Isaca CGEIT Practice Test wanted to borrow another booth. take off

湖南省民间文艺家协会

【大美乡愁】活动动态⑩“老手艺”打铁

Post navigation