（记忆乡愁）湖南衡东：“皮影戏”里话“人生”

皮影戏：又称“影子戏”，起始于战国，兴于汉朝，世界最古老的“电影”，叙说人们通俗易懂的传奇故事，以耳濡目染的表演形式展现于屏幕。诞生后的几千年流传甚广。但随着近代电影，电视的普及，现在年轻人真正看过“皮影戏”的可以说是凤毛麟角。

作为中国民间古老的传统艺术，皮影戏在民间有多种流派，湖南衡东皮影戏独树一帜，皮影型样夸张，唱腔火辣有趣，有着浓厚的乡土味。

在衡阳衡东县珍珠乡百冲村，这座湖南省内目前保存最完整的“状元第”，修建于两百年前，雕刻精湛，但繁华不再。72岁的皮影艺人向登高在方圆县市闻名，这天晚上,他要在村头唱一出《状元拜娘》。一整天，向登高都在雕刻皮影模具。17岁开始雕刻皮影的他，脸上也被时光刻上了痕迹。

（衡阳衡东县珍珠乡百冲村皮影艺人向登高）小时候就喜欢玩皮影，喜欢玩影子戏，读书时放在屉子里玩皮影，上课时间也玩。

这种坚韧的牛皮，是当地皮影独具特色材质。但过了古稀之年的向登高，下刀毫不含糊，人物眼睛鼻子得分毫不差。皮影戏角色分为生旦净末丑，诉说的是人生百味。对老向来说，人生就如手里的锉刀，戳一刀就要算一刀，来过的痕迹得有模有样。

（衡阳衡东县珍珠乡百冲村皮影艺人向登高）“生”就是讲文明些，读书人。“旦”有刀马旦，生有童生花旦，有小孩子，“净”就是红花脸，它有少净、老净。

精工细作一个皮影人偶，常需要一天功夫，长年累月下来，坐久了便会头晕。到了下午，屋内渐暗，他把桌子搬到了老院子。这是他起家的地方。小时候，因为执迷皮影，向登高早早结束了学业，凭着兴趣和天赋，他不仅会唱皮影，还学会雕刻人偶，差一点进了省里皮影剧团，但又遇上十年“文革”，他回到了村里。彭水桥是向登高多年的搭档，也是执着的皮影迷。

（衡阳衡东县珍珠乡百冲村皮影艺人彭水桥）小时候，我是学医，看见哪里唱皮影戏，我就不管多远，就去了，看去了。

过去曾一起吹拉敲唱的伙伴，现在都老了。

（衡阳衡东县珍珠乡百冲村皮影艺人向登高）有几个老师傅已经去世了，有一个唱皮影戏搞雕刻的，老死了，还有一个扎纸马的，那搞得好，也老去了。

（湖南衡东·珍珠乡白冲村晚上8:00）

月光把村庄涂抹成暗蓝色，忙碌了一天的村民们早早赶了过来看戏，几根竹子架成一个方形棚子，算是戏台，两个被老人当作宝贝的老箱子搬上了台。

（衡阳衡东县珍珠乡百冲村皮影艺人彭水桥）箱子一边是道具，一边是乐器。

白天做的皮影人偶登场，彭水桥负责操纵，向登高用当地流行的曲调唱述故事，同时打击乐器和弦乐。白色幕布上，灯影来回晃动，皮影人偶便有了生命。

（衡阳衡东县珍珠乡百冲村皮影艺人彭水桥）这脸黑色的，他有他的性格，脾气比较暴躁的，如果瘦脸的话，他比较温柔一些。他读了书，文雅点，通情达理。

向登高：中状元名扬天下，琼林宴帽插金花，年少初登殿，黄榜得意回。

这出戏中，状元许仕林拜见关在雷峰塔的母亲白娘娘，向登高扮演镇塔大将和书生许仕林，一人一个腔调，一猛一弱，但演起来却淋漓尽致，他把人生融入戏中，这出戏他唱了半个世纪。

（衡阳衡东县珍珠乡百冲村皮影艺人向登高）我打比我的性格是个大武将的嗓子，暴躁，但是我为人的话像个文小生。

戏到酣畅处，两个过了古稀年的老人，唱得满面红光，青筋暴出。纯粹的衡东土腔，如同一桌衡东土菜，有香有色有味。

村民：李雪华：我小时候看不懂，现在赶回来看的嘛。

大人们听得痴醉，小孩们看着白幕布上的打戏入神。这个光影跳动的夜晚，和这个远离繁华的乡村，将变成这些孩子多年以后的家乡记忆，深深镌刻在脑海里。

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湖南省民间文艺家协会

（记忆乡愁）湖南衡东：“皮影戏”里话“人生”

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