【大美乡愁】活动动态(50)岳州扇舞“原始风”

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编者按

湖南省民协【大美乡愁】寻找湖南最美“古村镇,老手艺”活动采编组,带你走进岳阳全妃巷,深入了解老手艺“岳州扇”。

【湖南日报】2014年9月14日第四版报道

本报记者 文热心 通讯员 曾理

想不到大名鼎鼎的岳州扇,制作方法这么“原始”。

先说其“大名”:1975年,全国1960家制扇企业产品汇集北京参加评比,结果岳州扇夺得挂扇、书法扇、鹅毛扇三项第一,位列三大名扇之首。

再说“原始”:纸扇64道工序,绢扇72道工序,全部手工。

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能用、能看,也能“吃”

能用。尽管进入空调时代,扇子在城乡仍有市场。乡场上纳凉的人们肯定带把扇子扇风驱蚊,城里人上街、散步,也会带把扇子缓解闷热。岳州扇是扇风的。

能看。一把岳州扇挂在客厅里,整个厅里就充满典雅之气;一把画扇拿在手里,不管内质如何,外表起码增加三分儒雅。

能“吃”。并不是说,它真的可以充饥、品味,而是说它纯天然、很环保。譬如说,扇子的扇骨,岳州扇一般用竹,绝对不会用塑料、金属之类;笋子能吃,老竹蒸饭、蒸肉,可是美味。再说,裱糊扇面时,岳州扇用的是十足的面粉,再加纯净水搅拌而成,绝对不用化学胶水。还有它的颜料,绝对不用无机矿物质,而是植物中提取的。还有,如果用牛骨作扇骨,必须先用12味中药浸泡,再用药渣打磨,形成瓷面效应,以便在上面镂刻字画。

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“鼠眼”、“合青”,几多绝活

岳州扇制作中有几项绝活。

如“点鼠眼”,也就是做穿扇骨那颗栓子。平日我们看到的折扇,栓子有塑料做的,有金属做的,如果粗糙一点的,就是一根金属丝扎的。而高档的岳州扇是用牛角拉的。为什么要用牛角拉呢?金属的生锈,塑料的老化。牛角不仅韧性好,经久耐用,而且时间越长越亮,又环保卫生。大唐“岳州扇业”老总唐立新告诉记者,牛角拉丝这种活只有他师傅李忠友和师叔彭明华几个人会。把牛角拉成丝肯定要加温,但加到多少度?怎么拉,用什么工具?这些都秘不示人。

还有就是“合青篾”。唐立新告诉记者,他的师傅一刀下去,能剖出两边都是青篾的扇骨来。他当时怀疑是粘的,可师傅让他找接口,怎么也找不着。“剖牛骨”,刀法大有讲究。岳州扇老师傅们剖出的牛骨龙骨薄得能从这边看到那边。

3米长、4000下,规矩真细

8月中旬,记者在岳州扇业车间,看到了一把3米长、50公斤重的大挂扇。师傅们告诉记者,做这种巨扇只有岳州扇业可以做,其他顶多也就做个一尺五的。这既是岳州扇制作工艺之长,也是与岳阳竹多竹好很有关系。

他们说,为做这把扇,3个人花了15天时间,才在平江深山里找到直径一尺以上的5年以上老竹。为什么要找这种竹?一是5年左右的老竹韧性好,二是只有这种大竹,才能满足3米扇骨的取材。

不过采这竹很有讲究,即砍时不能让它自然倒,必须让人扛住,直接上肩抬走。为什么呢?自然倒就容易损伤竹青,做成扇子就会留下疤痕,就像打野兽取皮毛,必须打眼睛,打其他地方的皮子就不值钱了。

做岳州扇讲究还有许多。譬如说,做粘合剂的浆糊,必须搅动4000下,多一次不行,少一次也不行。大概是师傅们做过试验,搅这个数的浆糊粘性最好。

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后来居上,只因有竹

岳州扇起步在明末清初。当时,岳阳人把当地的南竹做成生产扇骨的毛坯、熟坯销往苏杭地区。因为那些地方生产名声响当当的苏州扇、杭州扇。上海王星记扇庄、苏州扇厂、杭州扇厂等都定点从岳州进货。

就在这过程中,岳阳人对做扇子流程、工艺也了解得一清二楚。为什么不自己办厂做扇呢?

起步晚,就吸收各家所长;原料多,就用最好的。更何况,这里处在全国四大名楼之一的岳阳楼下,深厚的文化底蕴就是扇子最好的品牌。历经几代人的努力,岳州扇、岳州扇人都出名了。

不过,岳州扇真正大出风头还是在新中国。1958年,李忠友等6个人办起了岳州扇厂。走南闯北的经历让他们颇有开放和创新、冒尖意识。要做就做最好的。他们采取请进来、走出去的办法,将徒弟们送到苏州、杭州、新惠、成都扇厂去学习,把外面的制扇大师请进来传艺。1963年,厂里曾集中了16个苏州制扇大师。

正因为如此,也就有了1975年的“三项第一”的辉煌。岳州扇制作也成为一种独特的技艺。

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