【大美乡愁】活动动态(33)“金砖”铺地桃树湾

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湖南日报 2014年7月29日第五版报道

记者来到浏阳市桃树湾时,这里正在大兴土木,维修刘家大屋。

桃树湾本是清江的一个回水湾,因为湾畔有一古老建筑——刘家大屋。叫得久了,人们合二为一,刘家大屋就是“桃树湾”,“桃树湾”也代称刘家大屋了。

庭院深深 雕梁画栋

刘家是官宅。因此,与附近的“六栋堂”比起来,多了份气派、豪华。

气派,首先显示在它的布局上。从纵向看,自中轴线上依次排列有门楼、前厅、过厅、中厅、后厅、筑封火山墙,从最外面是挂着“屏障南番”匾的槽门,中间有接待贵宾的宽敞大厅,大厅之后是供奉祖先牌位的神坛。一眼望进去,真是庭院深深。从横向看,前后三进,也有大门、前厅、中厅、后厅,厅两旁是厢房。如果以厅为“骨”,则整座建筑呈一个“丰”字形结构。一位刘家后人告诉记者,横向房子原是粮仓、盐仓、客厅、私塾等。在记者看来,每一“横”都是一个相对独立的体系,完全可以形成刘氏一个分支相对独立的世界。

豪华,显示在它的装饰上。穿行于大屋中,花鸟兽纹青砖,穿斗式木框架随处可见;麒麟、狮象等各种吉祥物图像布满墙柱。各楼院之间的宽敞天井,全以青光石和花岗岩铺砌。各厅的顶部都以华丽的六角藻井装饰。

满地“金砖” 皇家特供

最显得豪华的大概算铺地的约2400块小“金砖”。文物专家告诉记者,金砖“不是金子做的”,用材也是土,只不过这种土有黏性,含铝量较高。但烧制这种砖,工艺要求特别高。一般来说,要经过炼土、制坯、烧制、出窑、打磨和浸泡等几道工序。仅炼土一道,就要耗时8个月以上。烧砖之土要经过掘、运、晒、椎、浆、磨、筛七个环节才能制坯。最后一道工序为浸泡,就是将出窑后经过打磨的砖,浸泡在桐油里。桐油不仅能使金砖光泽鲜亮,还能够延长它的使用寿命。以上几个工序耗费的时间加在一起,一共一年多。成品砖敲击时有金属之声,加上色泽光亮,看上去也就像“金砖”了。这种砖当然要比一般火砖厚实、耐用;用在建筑物上显得气派、豪华。如此,其价格也高出一般砖许多,民间也有“一两黄金一块砖”的说法。

金砖高贵,“娶”它的非贵即富。皇宫自不必说,用的是皇家御窑特供金砖。官家建筑当然要用这种砖,如浏阳文庙,虽不是皇宫,却也是孔夫子的祭殿。

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5年修成 耗银万两

而民宅用它,主家得财力雄厚。当然,再有钱的也不敢用修故宫里那种大金砖,用了就违制。因此,桃树湾刘家大屋用的是“小金砖”。在其前厅至正厅,约200多平方米的面积,除去墙角一侧的小青砖或鹅卵石外,其他都为“小金砖”铺就。刘家大屋自道光二十九年(1849)七月三十日酉时正式动工修复与扩建,咸丰三年(公元1853)竣工,耗时近5年,耗钱2万贯(当时折合白银约1万两)。

刘家世代为官。首次出高官在北宋。据说其先祖刘叔度博古通今,文采出众,赢得科举榜首,深受朝廷赏识,官至工部尚书、太保府君。其后裔刘皇眷在清廷任奉直大夫,桃树湾土地则为皇帝所赐。历经四代,传至敬亭山人刘运庄,官至同州治。他以先祖托梦为由,将刘家大屋定址于此。大屋落成之后,刘运庄在大厅撰联:“得山水缘,其来自由;为子孙计,爰宅于兹”;又撰《桃树湾记》,刻石碑立于后堂。

从当代人眼光看来,桃树湾确是宜居之地。前对潺潺清江水,后依青翠詹家山。刘运庄选址之时,河滩一片桃林,每当春暖花开,蜂鸣蝶舞,刘家大屋就像桃花深处嫣然而笑的古典美人,能不叫人留连忘返?

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